Table 3.

The adjusted differences in cord blood biomarkers between GD and controls in male and female newborns

	Males			Females
	β	95% CI	Adjusted P value	β	95% CI	Adjusted P value
RBP-4 (µg/mL)	−0.02	(−0.11 to 0.06)	0.594	0.13	(0.04 to 0.22)	0.007
Leptin (ng/mL)	−0.16	(−0.45 to 0.13)	0.268	−0.06	(−0.34 to 0.22)	0.690
Adiponectin
HMW (µg/mL)	−0.07	(−0.23 to 0.08)	0.354	−0.33	(−0.56 to − 0.11)	0.004
Total (µg/mL)	−0.05	(−0.20 to 0.10)	0.485	−0.19	(−0.37 to − 0.002)	0.048
HMW/total ratio	−0.02	(−0.12 to 0.08)	0.682	−0.15	(−0.24 to − 0.05)	0.003

Data (β) presented are the regression coefficients for GD (yes vs no) from generalized linear models of log-transformed biomarker data with the adjustments for maternal (pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, family history of hypertension, gestational hypertension) and neonatal (cesarean section) characteristics; other factors were excluded since they were similar and did not affect the comparisons between the two groups.

P values in bold: p<0.017 (significant after accounting for multiple tests of the differences in the three primary outcomes (leptin, HMW adiponectin, RBP-4) between GD and controls).

BMI, body mass index; GD, gestational diabetes; HMW, high molecular weight; RBP-4, retinol-binding protein 4.