Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Variables | Control Group (N = 44) | Closed-loop Group (N = 45) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 62 [60–72] | 64 [60–86] |
| Male sex, n (%) | 27(61) | 30 (67) |
| Weight (kg) | 77 [60–85] | 76 [61–87] |
| Height (cm) | 169 ± 8 | 172 ± 10 |
| Body mass index (kg · m−2) | 26 [23–30] | 26 [22–29] |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment score | 27 [25–29] | 27 [25–28] |
| Edmonton Frail Scale | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–4] |
| No. of patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status II/III | 30/14 | 26/19 |
| Baseline hemoglobin (g · dl−1) | 14 [13–15] | 13.9 [13–14] |
| Baseline creatinine (mg · dl−1) | 0.80 [0.8–1.1] | 0.90 [0.8–1.1] |
| Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml · min−1 · 1.73 m−2) | 87 [65–95] | 84 [68–90] |
| Type of surgery, n (%) | ||
| Major gynecological surgery | 3 (7) | 4 (9) |
| Major urologic surgery* | 10 (23) | 11 (24) |
| Major aortic surgery | 4 (9) | 4 (9) |
| Major peripheral vascular surgery | 8 (18) | 7 (16) |
| Colectomy | 5 (11) | 10 (22) |
| Other abdominal procedure† | 14 (32) | 9 (20) |
| Medications, n (%) | ||
| Aspirin and/or clopidogrel | 19 (43) | 21 (47) |
| β Blockers | 15 (34) | 15 (33) |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 14 (31) | 13 (29) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 5 (11) | 4 (9) |
| Diuretics | 2 (5) | 1 (2) |
| Statin | 11 (25) | 15 (33) |
| Insulin or other oral hypoglycemic drugs | 4 (9) | 10 (22) |
| Physiologic and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity | ||
| Physiology score | 15 [14–17] | 16 [14–17] |
| Operative score | 9 [8–11] | 10 [8–12] |
| Predicted morbidity | 16 [11–21] | 17 [13–26] |
| Predicted mortality | 2.8 [2–3.8] | 3.0 [2.4–4.6] |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||
| Hypertension | 26 (59) | 22 (49) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 11 (25) | 16 (36) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 3 (7) | 7 (16) |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 3 (7) | 3 (7) |
| Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3 (7) | 6 (13) |
| Diabetes | 9 (20) | 15 (33) |
Data are listed as mean ± SD or median [25th to 75th percentiles] and number and percentage (%).
*
Major urologic procedure included open prostatectomy, open cystectomy, open nephrectomy.
†
Other abdominal surgery included hepatectomy (open or laparoscopic), cholecystectomy, gastrectomy (open or laparoscopic), huge umbilical hernia (open), and exploratory laparotomy (open).