Table 1.
Summary of patient characteristics and coagulation tests of the dead and surviving patients
| Died (%) | Survived (%) | Total (%) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 198 (100.0%) | 2372 (100.0%) | 2570 (100.0%) | |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 56.25 ± 17.81 | 47.90 ± 16.10 | 48.54 ± 16.38 | < .001 |
| Sex | .391 | |||
| Male | 154 (77.8%) | 1780 (75.0%) | 1934 (75.3%) | |
| Female | 44 (22.2%) | 592 (25.0%) | 636 (24.7%) | |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||
| Traffic accident | 119 (60.1%) | 1346 (56.7%) | 1465 (57.0%) | .090 |
| Fall | 20 (10.1%) | 358 (15.1%) | 378 (14.7%) | |
| Stumble | 44 (22.2%) | 408 (17.2%) | 452 (17.6%) | |
| Blow to head | 6 (3.0%) | 104 (4.4%) | 110 (4.3%) | |
| Others | 9 (4.5%) | 156 (6.6%) | 165 (6.4%) | |
| Pupillary reactions | ||||
| Both reacting | 103 (52.0%) | 2145 (90.4%) | 2248 (87.5%) | < .001 |
| One reacting | 50 (25.3%) | 183 (7.7%) | 233 (9.1%) | |
| None reacting | 45 (22.7%) | 44 (1.9%) | 89 (3.5%) | |
| GCS at admission | 6.73 ± 3.31 | 11.34 ± 3.49 | 10.98 ± 3.69 | < .001 |
| ≤8 | 145 (73.3%) | 586 (24.7%) | 731 (28.5%) | < .001 |
| 9-12 | 36 (18.2%) | 653 (27.5%) | 689 (26.8%) | |
| 13-15 | 17 (8.6%) | 1133 (47.8%) | 1150 (44.7%) | |
| CT findings | ||||
| IPH or brain contusion | 162 (81.8%) | 1642 (69.2%) | 1804 (70.2%) | < .001 |
| SDH | 104 (52.5%) | 684 (28.8%) | 788 (30.7%) | < .001 |
| EDH | 32 (16.2%) | 662 (27.9%) | 694 (27.0%) | < .001 |
| DAI | 19 (9.2%) | 52 (2.2%) | 71 (2.8%) | < .001 |
| Multiple body injuries | 13 (6.6%) | 134 (5.6%) | 147 (5.7%) | .594 |
| Face | 1 (0.5%) | 14 (0.6%) | 15 (0.6%) | 1.000 |
| Thorax | 11 (5.6%) | 92 (3.9%) | 103 (4.0%) | .333 |
| Abdomen | 2 (1.0%) | 8 (0.3%) | 10 (0.4%) | .385 |
| Extremities | 2 (1%) | 35 (1.5%) | 37 (1.4%) | .828 |
| External | 1 (0.5%) | 3 (0.1%) | 4 (0.2%) | .719 |
| ISSb | 22.33 ± 6.12 | 14.77 ± 7.02 | 15.35 ± 7.24 | < .001 |
| INR | 1.16 ± 0.24 | 1.06 ± 0.13 | 1.07 ± 0.14 | < .001 |
| PT (s) | 13.44 ± 2.71 | 12.161.55 | 12.26 ± 1.70 | < .001 |
| APTT (s) | 31.19 ± 14.65 | 27.30 ± 7.20 | 27.60 ± 8.09 | < .001 |
| FIB (g/L) | 2.06 ± 1.16 | 2.58 ± 1.13 | 2.54 ± 1.14 | < .001 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 10.52 ± 14.67 | 6.90 ± 10.73 | 7.18 ± 11.12 | < .001 |
| PLT (× 109/L) | 156 ± 61 | 177 ± 67 | 176 ± 67 | < .001 |
| Hb (g/L) | 124 ± 25 | 131 ± 21 | 131 ± 21 | < .001 |
| HCT (%) | 36.44 ± 6.92 | 38.36 ± 5.69 | 38.21 ± 5.82 | < .001 |
GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, ISS Injury Severity Score, PLT platelet, INR international normalized ratio, PT prothrombin, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, FIB fibrinogen, EDH epidural hematoma, SDH subdural hematoma, IPH intraparenchymal hemorrhage, DAI diffuse axonal injury
aP values not adjusted for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance determined by chi-square test, Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney tests
bISS = AIS12 + AIS22 + AIS32, it is the sum of squares for the highest values in each of the three most severely injured body regions