Table 2.
Results of pairwise comparisons between groups’ post hoc analyses for questions found to have a significant difference between groups in the chi-square analysis
| Category | Question | Pearson X2 (6) | Cramer’s V (Approx. Sig) | Response options | Comparisons of column proportions (z-test) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day Shift | Evening shift | Night shift | Rotating shift | |||||
| Physical health | I feel I have a lot of energy (n = 912) | 29.098 | .179 (.000) | Strongly disagree/disagree | 34 (11.6%) | 7 (14.3%) |
13 (44.8%) Day**** Evening* Rotating**** |
68 (12.5%) |
| Neutral | 80 (27.4%) | 8 (16.3%) | 5 (17.2%) | 154 (28.4%) | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree | 178 (61.0%) |
34 (69.4%) Day* |
11 (38.0%) | 320 (61.1%) | ||||
| Physical health | I expect my health to get better (n = 896) | 15.052 | .092 (.020) | Strongly disagree/disagree | 33 (11.5%) | 3 (6.3%) | 6 (22.2%) | 59 (11.0%) |
| Neutral | 87 (30.3%) | 11 (22.9%) | 14 (51.9%) | 163 (30.5%) | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree |
167 (58.2%) Night** |
34 (70.8%) Night*** |
7 (25.9%) |
312 (58.4%) Night** |
||||
| Physical health | Overall, I am satisfied with my health (n = 909) | 15.430 | .092 (.017) | Strongly disagree/disagree | 30 (10.3%) | 3 (6.1%) | 5 (17.2%) | 69 (12.8%) |
| Neutral | 64 (21.9%) | 10 (20.4%) |
13 (44.8%) Day* Rotating** |
106 (19.7%) | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree |
198 (67.8%) Night** |
36 (73.5%) Night* |
11 (37.9%) |
364 (67.5%) Night** |
||||
| Health conditions | Presence of neck /back ache (n = 916) | 22.714 | .111 (.001) | Regular/often/persistent | 79 (27.0%) | 15 (30.6%) |
16 (55.2%) Day** |
196 (36.0%) Day* |
| Sometimes/infrequently |
194 (66.2%) Night* |
25 (51.0%) | 12 (41.4%) | 311 (57.1%) | ||||
| Never | 20 (6.8%) |
9 (18.4%) Day* Rotating* |
1 (34.4%) | 38 (7.0%) | ||||
| Health conditions | Incidence of fatigue or low energy (n = 909) | 12.713 | .084 (.048) | Regular/often/persistent | 63 (21.6%) | 12 (24.5%) |
14 (48.3%) Day** Rotating* |
123 (22.8%) |
| Sometimes/infrequently |
204 (70.1%) Night** |
35 (71.4%) | 12 (41.4%) |
371 (68.7%) Night* |
||||
| Never | 24 (8.2%) | 2 (4.1%) | 3 (10.3%) | 46 (8.5%) | ||||
| Mental/emotional heath | I have high self-esteem/feel happy with myself, I am a happy person (n = 917) | 14.238 | .088 (.027) | Strongly disagree/disagree | 15 (5.1%) | 2 (4.1%) | 5 (17.2%) | 33 (6.0%) |
| Neutral | 54 (18.4%) | 6 (12.2%) | 9 (31.0%) | 120 (22.0%) | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree |
224 (76.5%) Night* |
41 (83.7%) Night* |
15 (51.7%) | 393 (72.0%) | ||||
| Mental/emotional heath | I have a good level of motivation (n = 915) | 16.637 | .095 (.011) | Strongly disagree/disagree | 8 (2.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (10.3%) | 25 (5.0%) |
| Neutral | 48 (16.4%) | 8 (16.3%) |
11 (38.0%) Day* Rotating* |
98 (18.0%) | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree |
237 (80.9%) Night** |
41 (83.7%) Night* |
15 (51.7%) |
421 (77.4%) Night** |
||||
| Mental/emotional heath | I have difficulty falling or staying asleep (n = 912) | 14.622 | 090 (.023) | Strongly disagree/disagree |
147 (50.1%) Night* |
28 (58.3%) Night** |
6 (21.1%) |
253 (46.5%) Night* |
| Neutral | 45 (15.5%) | 9 (18.8) | 10 (34.5%) | 98 (18.0%) | ||||
| Strongly agree/agree | 99 (30.4%) | 11 (22.9%) | 13 (44.8%) | 193 (35.5%) | ||||
| Quality of life | Your physical appearance (n = 916) | 23.572 | .093 (.023) | Terrible | 3 (1.0%) | 1 (2.1%) |
3 (10.3%) Day** |
14 (2.6%) |
| Unhappy | 28 (9.6%) | 1 (2.1%) | 3 (10.3%) | 40 (7.3%) | ||||
| Mixed | 83 (28.3%) | 9 (18.8%) | 9 (31.0%) | 134 (24.5%) | ||||
| Satisfied | 109 (37.2%) | 18 (37.5%) | 11 (38.0%) | 221 (40.5%) | ||||
| Happy | 70 (23.9%) |
19 (39.6%) Night* |
3 (10.3%) | 137 (25.1%) | ||||
| Heath behavior | I do exercise three times a week for at least 20 minutes each time (n = 917) | 14.221 | .088 (.027) | Never | 23 (7.8%) | 5 (10.2%) |
8 (27.6%) Day** Rotating* |
58 (10.6%) |
| Sometimes/infrequently | 154 (52.6%) | 22 (44.9%) | 13 (44.8%) | 298 (54.6%) | ||||
| Regular/often/persistent | 116 (39.6%) | 22 (44.9%) | 8 (27.6%) | 190 (34.8%) | ||||
| Heath behavior | I get a good sleep at night (7-8 hours of sleep) (n = 912) | 31.503 | .131 (.000) | Never | 25 (8.6%) | 8 (16.3%) | 6 (20.7%) | 60 (11.0%) |
| Sometimes/infrequently | 134 (46.2%) | 14 (28.6%) |
20 (69.0%) Evening** |
301 (55.3%) Evening** |
||||
| Regular/often/persistent |
131 (45.2%) Night** Rotating** |
27 (55.1%) Night*** Rotating* |
3 (10.3%) | 183 (33.6%) | ||||
| Heath behavior | I visit my doctor for routine checkup (n = 914) | 13.116 | .085 (.041) | Never | 18 (61.6%) | 3 (6.1%) | 2 (6.9%) | 36 (66.2%) |
| Sometimes/infrequently | 95 (32.5%) | 20 (40.8%) | 11 (37.9%) |
244 (44.9%) Day** |
||||
| Regular/often/persistent |
179 (61.3%) Rotating** |
26 (53.1%) | 16 (55.2%)s | 264 (48.5%) | ||||
Note: Results are based on two-sided z-tests. Cells in italics indicate significant differences between groups. For each significant pair, the group with the smaller proportion is indicted in the column of the group with the larger column proportion. For example, in the first row, caregivers’ working day, evening, or day/evening/night shifts answered “Strongly disagree/disagree” to the question “I feel that I have a lot of energy” significantly fewer times than those working the night shift. Shift types and responses to questions were categorized by how caregivers responded these specific questions in the survey. Significance level: *.05., **.01, ***.001, ****.00001