Table 1.
List of the most significant studies on pure PVA hydrogels obtained by F/T method.
| PVA | F/T cycles | Studied properties | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mn = 88.8 kg/mol DPn = 2,020 DH = 99.3% C = 2.5 to 15 wt.% |
1 (freeze at −20°C for 45 to 120 min and thawing at 23 ± 1°C for 60 to 720 min) |
Scattering light intensity of supermolecular PVA structures | Peppas, 1975 |
| DP = 3,500 DH = 99.8% C= 5, 10 and 15 wt.% |
1 to 10 (freeze at −15°C for 23 h and thaw at rt for 1 h) |
X-ray diffraction, tensile properties morphology | Yokoyama et al., 1986 |
| Mn = 80.0 kg/mol DH = 98.0% C = 15% |
1, 2, 3, and 4 (freeze at −25°C for 16 h, and thaw at 5, 21, 35, 50°C) |
Swelling, dynamic viscoelasticity | Urushizaki et al., 1990 |
| Mn =35.4 kg/mol Mw = 79.2 kg/mol DH = 99.6% C = 10 and 15 wt.% |
1 to 5 (freeze at −20°C for 1–24 h, and thaw at 23 ± 1°C for up to 24 h) |
Water uptake and water diffusion in hydrogels, compressive creep experiments | Stauffer and Peppas, 1992 |
| Mn = 35.74, 64.0 and 88.88 kg/mol DH = 99.0 to 99.8% C = 7, 10, 15 wt.% |
3 to 7 (freeze at −20°C for 8 h and thaw at 25°C for 4 h) |
Swelling and dissolution, degree of crystallinity (DSC), crystal size distribution | Hassan and Peppas, 2000; Hassan et al., 2000 |
| Salubria™ PVA hydrogels in 0.9% saline with water content of 75 and 80% | Cyclic F/T processing | Mechanical properties, shear and compression loading | Stamen et al., 2001 |
| Mw =115 kg/mol DH = 98–99% C = 11 wt.% |
1 to 10 (freeze at −22°C for 20 h, and thaw at 25°C for 4 h) |
Crystallinity from XRDNMR, DSC, rheological behavior | Ricciardi et al., 2003; Riccardi et al., 2004a,b |
| Mw = 95.0 kg/mol DH = 95% |
15, 30 and 45 cycles (freeze at 0 °C for 8 h and thaw at 37 ± 2 °C for 16 h) | Crystallinity | Pramanick et al., 2012 |