Table 1. Characteristics of patients.
ICU: intensive care unit.
aShock was defined as signs of shock at emergency department triage, including systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg and pulse rate > 100 beats/min.
* p < 0.05.
|
|
All n (%) |
Variceal bleeding n (%) |
Non-variceal bleeding n (%) |
p value |
|
||||||
|
Number of patients |
442 (100.0) |
324 (73.3) |
118 (26.7) |
|
|
||||||
|
Age > 65 years |
138 (31.2) |
84 (25.9) |
54 (45.8) |
< 0.001* |
|
||||||
|
Male sex |
228 (51.6) |
152 (46.9) |
76 (64.4) |
0.001 |
|
||||||
|
Endoscopic findings |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
Esophageal varices |
345 (78.0) |
303 (93.5) |
42 (35.5) |
< 0.001* |
||||||
|
|
Gastric varices |
184 (41.6) |
153 (47.2) |
31 (26.2) |
< 0.001* |
||||||
|
|
Gastric ulcer |
120 (27.1) |
49 (15.1) |
71 (60.2) |
< 0.001* |
||||||
|
|
Duodenal ulcer |
66 (14.9) |
18 (5.6) |
48 (40.7) |
< 0.001* |
||||||
|
Causes of bleeding |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
Esophageal varices |
295 (66.7) |
295 (91.0) |
— |
— |
||||||
|
|
Gastric varices |
29 (6.6) |
29 (9.0) |
— |
— |
||||||
|
|
Gastric ulcer |
64 (14.5) |
— |
64 (54.2) |
— |
||||||
|
|
Duodenal ulcer |
45 (10.2) |
— |
45 (38.1) |
— |
||||||
|
|
Other |
9 (2.0) |
— |
9 (7.6) |
— |
||||||
|
Child–Pugh class of liver cirrhosis |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
Child–Pugh class A |
158 (35.7) |
104 (32.1) |
54 (45.8) |
0.008* |
||||||
|
|
Child–Pugh class B |
169 (38.2) |
139 (42.9) |
30 (25.4) |
< 0.001* |
||||||
|
|
Child–Pugh class B |
115 (26.0) |
81 (25.0) |
34 (28.8) |
0.419 |
||||||
|
Comorbidities |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
Heart failure |
22 (5.0) |
14 (4.3) |
8 (6.8) |
0.283 |
||||||
|
|
Ischemic heart disease |
61 (13.8) |
24 (7.4) |
37 (31.4) |
< 0.001* |
||||||
|
|
Renal failure |
73 (16.5) |
42 (13.0) |
31 (26.3) |
< 0.001* |
||||||
|
|
Metastatic cancer |
66 (14.9) |
45 (13.9) |
21 (17.8) |
0.308 |
||||||
|
Hemodynamic status at triage |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
Shocka |
54 (12.2) |
43 (13.3) |
11 (9.3) |
0.262 |
||||||
|
Treatment |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
Blood transfusion |
196 (44.3) |
147 (45.4) |
49 (41.5) |
0.472 |
||||||
|
|
Fresh frozen plasma |
84 (19.0) |
76 (23.5) |
8 (6.8) |
< 0.001* |
||||||
|
|
Endoscopic treatment |
243 (55.0) |
212 (65.4) |
31 (26.3) |
< 0.001* |
||||||
|
Outcomes |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
Mortality |
27 (6.1) |
18 (5.6) |
9 (7.6) |
0.421 |
||||||
|
|
Rebleeding |
62 (19.9) |
58 (21.8) |
4 (8.9) |
0.002* |
||||||
|
|
ICU admission |
44 (10.0) |
39 (12.0) |
5 (4.2) |
0.015* |
||||||
|
|
Development of infection |
42 (9.5) |
36 (11.1) |
6 (5.1) |
0.056 |
||||||