Fig. 6.

Exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NP) modifies proinflammatory cytokine expression during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Cytokine concentrations of apical supernatants of 16HBE cells exposed to rrRSV at MOI of 0.5, TiO₂-NP, or a combination were determined. Cytokines were measured using the Luminex/Magpix magnetic bead platform. Interleukin IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p40), IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), CCL-3 [macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α], CCL-4 (MIP-1β), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) protein concentrations were higher in supernatant of cells exposed to both TiO₂-NP and RSV. CXCL-10 [IFNγ-induced protein 10 (IP-10)] expression was reduced after exposure to TiO₂-NP. Data are presented as means ± SE; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. control group, n = 3.