Fig. 4.

Potential cross-talk between gut microbiota and lungs during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection [created with Servier Medical Art]. The gut–lung axis is bidirectional and able to induce changes in the blood and respective microbiota, illustrating the association of gut microbiota dysbiosis with local and distal pulmonary system. For example, the inflammation occurring in the pulmonary system leads to modifications in gut microbiota, and vice versa. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide.