Table 3.
Multilevel Multivariate Analyses Results for Probable PTSD Among WTC Responders (n=920) Taking Multiple Visits into Consideration (n=920)
| aOR (95% CI) for WTC-related probable PTSD | ||
|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (without childhood bullying and time interaction) |
Model 2 (with the interaction variable) |
|
| Fixed effects | ||
| Years since 9/11 | 0.88 (0.79, 0.98) | 0.84 (0.74, 0.94) |
| Gender female (ref: male) | 2.71 (0.68, 10.88) | 2.88 (0.73,11.37) |
| Age at 9/11: 40 or more (ref: < 40) | 0.77 (0.35, 1.67) | 0.77 (0.36, 1.66) |
| Severity of WTC exposure (ref: low) | ||
| Very high | 1.32 (0.15, 11.60) | 1.30 (0.15, 11.20) |
| High | 4.58 (1.37, 15.31) | 4.70 (1.42, 15.55) |
| Intermediate | 1.67 (0.60, 4.63) | 1.71 (0.62, 4.71) |
| Education (ref: university degree) | ||
| Less than college | 3.36 (1.17, 9.69) | 3.31 (1.17, 9.42) |
| Some college or associate degree | 2.40 (0.95, 6.05) | 2.36 (0.94, 5.88) |
| Race: non-Caucasian (ref: Caucasian) | 0.48 (0.17, 1.37) | 0.49 (0.17, 1.39) |
| Type of responder: non-traditional (ref: traditional responder) | 9.05 (3.65, 22.42) | 9.00 (3.67, 22.07) |
| No. of monitoring visits: 1–2 (ref: >2) | 1.16 (0.19, 6.99) | 1.08 (0.17, 6.78) |
| Experienced at least one stressful event since last visit (ref: none) | 2.57 (1.84, 3.57) | 2.49 (1.79, 3.47) |
| Experienced bullying during childhood (ref: not bullied in childhood) | 7.34 (2.12, 25.34) | 8.04 (2.34, 27.62) |
| Experienced assault/threatb during childhood (ref: not assaulted or threatened during childhood) | 0.63 (0.21, 1.89) | 0.65 (0.22, 1.91) |
| Experienced assault/threatb during adulthood prior to WTC attack (ref: not assaulted or threatened during adulthood prior to WTC attack) | 4.64 (1.98, 10.92) | 4.56 (1.96, 10.60) |
| Experienced childhood bullying*years since 9/11 | − | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) |
| Random effects | ||
| Intercept variance | 16.87, 5.00, 3.37, 0.0004 | 14.20, 4.47, 3.18, 0.0007 |
| Slope variance | 0.10, 0.03, 3.86, <0.0001 | 0.10, 0.03, 3.88, <0.0001 |
| Intercept-slope covariance | -0.44, 0.27, −1.63, 0.10 | -0.32, 0.24, −1.30, 0.19 |
a:
Each aOR is adjusted for all the other covariates in the model
b:
at least one of physical assault, assault by a weapon, sexual assault, regular verbal assault, or being physically threatened by the actions of a friend or family member