TABLE 1.
Overview of the effects of different pollutants on neuroinflammation.
| Pollutant Expourse | Species | Age | Sample measurements | Phenotype | Articles |
| NO2 and PM | humans | 8 years old (exposure in infancy) | serum levels | increase in IL-6 and IL-10 2017 | Gruzieva et al., 2017 |
| CO, NOx, NO2, and benzene | humans | longitudinal- from childhood to adulthood | SCZ diagnosis | increased risk of developing SCZ (only for exourse to benzene and CO | Pedersen et al., 2004 |
| NOx, NO2 and PM | humans | longitudinal- from childhood to adulthood | Presense of psychosis | increased odds of psychotic experiences (only for exposure to NO2 and NOx) | Newbury et al., 2019 |
| PM (2.5 um) | humans | young adults | plasma levelsapoptosis | apoptosis of endothelial cells, increased levels of circulating monocytes and T-cells, increased proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and MIP-1) | Pope et al., 2016 |
| DEP | mice | embryonic (E18) to young adulthood (P30) (prenatalexposure) | cytokine ELISAs and IHC from hippocampus and parietal cortex | increased cytokines and altered morphology of microglia in male mice dependent on TLR4 signaling; altered cortical volume; increased microglia-neuron interactions in males | Bolton et al., 2012, 2017 |
| DEP | mice | adults | olfactory bulb and hippocampus protein levels | increased lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, and TNF-α). Increased expression of Iba1 and TSPO | Cole et al., 2016 |
| DEP | mice | adult (prenatal exposure) | behavioral, brain protein and mRNA levels from PCF, HPC, hypothalamus and parietal cortexi | increased anxiety behaviors; Increased IL-1β and TLR4 in males and decreased IL-10 | Bolton et al., 2013 |
| nanoscale PM (<0.2 um) | mice | adults | neonatal cortical neurons | impaired neurnal differentiation; increased depressive behaviors | Davis et al., 2013 |
| nanoscale PM (<0.2 um) | mice | adults | corpus callosum protein levels | increased complement protein deposition (C5, C5a and CD88) in brain but not serum; altered microglial morphology | Babadjouni et al., 2018 |
| PM | mice | juvenile mice (postnatal day 11-15) (prenatal exposure) | cerebellum myelin density, cerebellum iron levels, RNAseq of cerebellum | increased inflammation signaling; increased iron inclusions; myelin sheath damage | Klocke et al., 2018 |
| PM (2.5 um) | mice | adults (exposure in utero) | western blot, ELISA and IHC in temporal cortex | deficits in spatial memory; increase in COX2 and Arg1 protein, increase in GFAP reactivity, decreased cytokines levels in temporal cortex (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4 IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, GM-CSF and TNF-α) and spleen (IL-2,IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) | Kulas et al., 2018 |
| ultrafine elemental carbon | mice | adults (neonatal exposure) | behavioral assays, protein expression in the corpus callosum and ventricles | no changes observed in locomotion, learning, memory, impulsivity or anxiety behaviors, no changes in GFAP or MBP | Morris-Schaffer et al., 2019 |
| ultrafine PM | mice | juvenile and early adulthood | hippocampus and amygdala transcript and protein, corpus callosum IHC, behavioral measures | lateral ventricle dilation; changes in cytokines, neurotransmitters and microglia activation markers in sex-dependent manner, hypomyelination, elevated glutamate, increased repetitive and impulsive behaviors | Allen et al., 2014, 2017 |
| nanoscale PM (<0.2 um) | rats | gestation to adulthood | behavioral, protein levels in the adult hippocampus | 70% decrease in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, 35% increase in Iba1 in the dentate gyrus; 75% decrease in tight junction protein of the BBB; impaired contextual memory, food-seeking and depressive-like behaviors | Woodward et al., 2018 |
| nanoscale PM (<0.2 um) | rats/mice | in vitro: postnatal day 3, in vivo: adult | glial transcript measurements in culture (rat mized glial cultures) and hippocampus (mice) | TLR4-mediated increase in 2000 transcripts related to neuroinflammation and stress | Woodward et al., 2017 |
| carbon black and DEP | rats/mice | adults | cultured microglia (mice BV-2 cells) and hippocampus (rat) protein levels | increased IL-6, TNF-a, and Iba1, increased caspase-3 mediated autophagy in microglia | Bai et al., 2019 |
| ozone (O3), mixed vehicle exhaust | rats/mice | young and aged adults | serum levels | increased microglial proinflammatory response especially pronounced in aging mice | Mumaw et al., 2016 |
PM: particulate matter, SCZ: schizophrenia, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, IHC: immunohistochemistry, PFC: prefrontal cortex, HPC: hippocampus, mRNA: messenger RNA, IL: interleukin, TSPO: translocator protein, Iba: Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, TLR: toll-like receptor, TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha, MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIP-1: macrophage inflammatory protein 1, GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD88: cluster of differentiation 88, COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, IFNγ: interferon gamma, gm-csf: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, C: complement cascade, BBB: blood brain barrier.