Table 1.
Effects of Bisphenols on Leydig cells.
| Chemical name | Dosage | Species | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPA | 2.4 μg/kg/day | Long-Evans rat | Decreased testosterone production (1.62 ± 0.16 ng/ml; vs. control, 2.52 ± 0.21) | (6) |
| Decreased androgen biosynthesis | ||||
| Suppression of CYP17 gene expression | ||||
| Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis | ||||
| BPA | 0.01 | 90-day old Rat adult Leydig cell | Decreased testosterone biosynthesis by 25% | (6) |
| BPA | 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml | TM3 cell line | Decreased testosterone secretion by 30.4, 69.2, 79.5 % for 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml, respectively | (47) |
| Decreased viability | ||||
| BPB | 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml | TM3 cell line | Decreased testosterone secretion by 41, 76.1, and 91% for 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml, respectively | (47) |
| BPS | 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml | TM3 cell line | Decreased testosterone secretion by 8.8, 7, and 19.4% for 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml, respectively | (47) |
| BPF | 25 and 50 μg/ml | TM3 cell line | Decreased testosterone secretion by 3.8 and 13.8% for 25 and 50 μg/ml, respectively | (47) |
| BPA | 10−8 M | Human (6.5–10.5 gestational weeks) testicular explant | Decreased testosterone by 20% compared to control | (48) |
| Reduced expression of INSL3 by 20% compared to control | ||||
| BPA | 10−5 M | Wistar rat (14.5 dpc) testicular explant | Decreased testosterone by approximately 50 % on 3rd day of culture | (48) |
| Reduced expression of INSL3 by approximately 20% | ||||
| BPA | 10−5 M | Sprague-Dawley Rat (14.5 dpc) testicular explants | Inhibition of testosterone by 10−5M BPA diluted in DMSO at all periods 24 h: 53%; 48 h: 40%; 72 h: 39%, | (49) |
| Suppressed INSL3 by 76% | ||||
| BPA | 10−5 M | Man (7–12 gestational week) testicular explants | Inhibition of testosterone by 10−5 BPA diluted in DMSO by 28% | (49) |
| BPA | 1, 10, and 100 μM | TM3 cell line | Decreased testosterone production by 22%, 28%, and 39%, for 1, 10, and 100 μM, respectively, when compared to the negative control | (50) |
| Decreased cell viability | ||||
| Decreased cell growth | ||||
| Decreased metabolically active mitochondria | ||||
| Alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential | ||||
| BPA, BPS, and BPF | 10,000 nmol/L | Mice (12.5 dpc) | Reduced INSL3 expression | (52) |
| Reduced expression of testosterone biosynthesis related genes (Star, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1) and Lhcgr | ||||
| BPA, BPS, and BPF | 10 nmol/L | Human (6.3–11.1 gestational weeks) | Decreased basal testosterone secretion | (52) |
| BPA and BPB | 10−9-10−5 M | Human (46.7 ± 4.65) testicular explant | Inhibition of testosterone production (BPA, 28.7 and 39.2 % at 24 and 48 h, respectively) (BPB, 17 and 47% at 24 and 48 h, respectively. | (54) |
| BPAF | 200 mg/kg/day | 7 weeks Sprague–Dawley rat | Reduction of testosterone production by 90.6% compared to control | (55) |
| Altered testosterone biosynthesis | ||||
| BPA | 100 and 200 mg/kg/day | Wistar/ST rat | Reduced plasma and testicular testosterone production | (56) |
| Reduced number of Leydig cell | ||||
| BPA | 4, 40, and 400 mg/kg | Sprague–Dawley rats (Gestational day 21) | Disruption of fetal Leydig cell number, proliferation and distribution | (57) |
| Downregulation of Leydig cell genes | ||||
| Decreased expression of INSL3 |