Table 3.
Effect of bisphenols on germ cells.
| Chemical name | Dosage | Species | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPA | 100 μM | ICR mice | Alteration of motility characteristics, acrosome reaction, fertilization, and early embryonic development | (71) |
| Downregulation of fertility-related proteins | ||||
| Altered capacitation status | ||||
| BPA | 10 and 100 μM | Germ cell (ICR mice) | Induction of apoptosis in cultured spermatogonial stem cells | (121) |
| Inhibition of testicular germ cell proliferation | ||||
| Alteration of stemness properties of spermatogonial stem cells | ||||
| Induction of meiotic abnormalities in spermatogonial stem cells | ||||
| Induction of proteome alterations in germ cells | ||||
| BPA | 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day | Wistar male rats (aged 28 days) | Sperm abnormality | (122) |
| Decreased sperm density and survival rate | ||||
| BPA | 5.0 mg/kgbw | Holtzman rat (8 weeks) | Increased sperm DNA damage | (123) |
| Decreased motility | ||||
| Decreased sperm count | ||||
| BPA | 2.4 μg/pup | Holtzman rat | Induction of hypomethylation | (124) |
| BPA | 30 mg/kg/day | Kunming mice (8 weeks) | Induction of apoptosis in germ cells | (125) |
| BPA, BPE, and BPS | 0.5, 20, or 50 μg/kg/day | CD-1 mice (Post-natal day 12 and 16) | Disrupted progression of germ cell development | (126) |
| Decreased sperm motility | ||||
| Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis of germ cells | ||||
| Spermatogenic defect | ||||
| BPA (10 mg/kgbw) | 50 or 10 mg/kgbw | CD-1 mice (5–6 weeks) | Meiotic errors during spermatogenesis | (127) |
| Reduced sperm production and quality | ||||
| Disrupted male germ cell development | ||||
| BPE (50 μg/kgbw) | Induction of germ cell apoptosis and DNA breaks in pachytene spermatocytes | |||
| BPS (10 mg/kgbw | Delayed cycle in germ cell development | |||
| BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS | 50 μg/L | Rat (22 day old) | Reduced sperm motility | (128) |
| Reduced daily sperm production | ||||
| Reduced number of epididymal sperm | ||||
| BPA | 2 and 20 mg/kgbw | Wistar rat | Abnormalities in sperm morphology | (129) |
| Decreased epididymal sperm counts and motility | ||||
| Induction of oxidative stress in epididymal sperm | ||||
| BPA | 50 mg/kg/day) | FXRα−1− mice | Reduced number of germ cells | (130) |
| BPS | 50 μg/L | Sprague Dawley rats (70–80 days) | Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) | (131) |
| Induction of apoptosis | ||||
| Reduced number of germ cells | ||||
| BPA | 1, 5, and 100 mg/kgbw | Sprague Dawley rat (Postnatal day 21) | Undifferentiated germ cells | (132) |
| Empty epididymal tubules | ||||
| Sloughing of germ cells | ||||
| Altered germ cell maturity | ||||
| BPA | 2 mg/kgbw | Chicken (white leghorn) | Constrained spermatogenesis | (133) |
| BPA | 5 mg/kg/day | ICR mice (4 weeks) | Lower seminiferous tubule and mature spermatids | (134) |
| Disruption of spermatogenesis | ||||
| BPA | 1.2 and 2.4 μg/kg/day | Holtzman mice (Postnatal day 75) | Increased time taken for copulation | (135) |
| Degeneration of the germ cell | ||||
| Sertoli cell only syndrome | ||||
| Sloughing of germ cells | ||||
| BPA | 100 μM | ICR mice | Decreased number of motile sperm | (136) |
| Altered spermatozoa mitochondria activities | ||||
| BPA | 50 mg/kg bw/day) | ICR mice (8 weeks old) | Alteration of capacitated spermatozoa function and the proteomic profile | (137) |
| Compromised fertilization capabilities of Spermatozoa |