(a) Cartoon depicting the experimental procedure of transfecting the tc-VLP donor cells. (b) Ren-Luc activity reflecting transcription and replication by the L RdRP. (c) FF-Luc activity reflecting general gene expression efficiency. (d) Cartoon depicting the experimental procedure of transfecting and infecting the tc-VLP indicator cells. (e and f) tc-VLP transcription and replication supported by expression of wt L RdRP (e) or the C40A L mutant (f) in indicator cells. All luciferase values are relative to the wt L VLP activity in donor cells, which was set to 100%. Mean values and standard deviations of 5 independent experiments are shown. Two-tailed, paired Student’s t tests without (b, e, f) or with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (c) were used to compare the different conditions with the L,GP one. *, P < 0.05; n.s., not significant.