Table 3 –
Two-part regression model: mean total direct expenditure by CKD status accounting for probability of having expenditure and relevant covariates.
| Adjusted mean | 95% CI | *p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No DMCKD (ref) | - | - | - |
| DMCKD | $8473 | $4957–$ll,989 | <0.001 |
| Race | |||
| NH White (ref) | - | - | - |
| NH Black | −$1479 | −$3503–$544 | 0.152 |
| Hispanic/other | −$3228 | −$5130–$l,325 | 0.001 |
| Age (years) | |||
| 18–44 (ref) | - | - | - |
| 45–64 | $659 | −$1973–$3,292 | 0.624 |
| 65+ | −$731 | −$3441–$1977 | 0.596 |
| Gender | |||
| Men (ref) | - | - | - |
| Women | $1359 | −$0–$2718 | 0.050 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married (ref) | - | - | - |
| W/D/S | $69 | −$1756–$1895 | 0.941 |
| Not married | $2736 | −$608–$6082 | 0.109 |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school (ref) | - | - | - |
| High school | $420 | −$1641–$2481 | 0.690 |
| College or more | $992 | −$1016–$3000 | 0.333 |
| Insurance | |||
| Private (ref) | - | − | - |
| Public | −$1363 | −$3382–$655 | 0.186 |
| Uninsured | −$6306 | −$8494–$4118 | <0.001 |
| MSA | |||
| Rural (ref) | - | - | - |
| Urban | $2392 | $661–$4122 | 0.007 |
| Region | |||
| Northeast (ref) | - | - | - |
| Midwest | $2199 | −$163–$4561 | 0.068 |
| South | $763 | −$1248–$2775 | 0.457 |
| West | $295 | −$1929–$2520 | 0.795 |
| Poverty income ratio | |||
| Poor/near poor (ref) | - | - | - |
| Low income | −$2084 | −$4448–$279 | 0.084 |
| Middle income | −$1713 | −$4121–$694 | 0.163 |
| High income | −$900 | −$4140–$2340 | 0.586 |
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | $1486 | −$259–$3232 | 0.095 |
| CVD | |||
| Yes | $4339 | $2714–$5965 | <0.001 |
| Stroke | |||
| Yes | $5986 | $3450–$8523 | <0.001 |
| Emphysema | |||
| Yes | $2732 | −$1262–$6726 | 0.180 |
| High cholesterol | |||
| Yes | $1967 | $263–$3671 | 0.024 |
| Joint pain | |||
| Yes | $794 | −$913–$2502 | 0.362 |
| Arthritis | |||
| Yes | $2657 | $766–$4549 | 0.006 |
| Asthma | |||
| Yes | $2954 | $349–$5560 | 0.026 |
*
Level of significance p < 0.05 for each category.