Table I.

Hazard ratios (95% CI) for offspring psychiatric and mild neurodevelopmental disorders in relation to maternal PCOS (birth cohort 1996–2014 in Finland).

Diagnosis	Any F diagnosis	Mood disorders	Anxiety disorders	Eating disorders	Sleeping disorders	Personality disorders	Intellectual disabilities	Specific developmental disorders	Autism spectrum disorders	ADHD and conduct disorders	Tic disorders	Other behavioral and emotional disorders
Total (n = 24 682)a	n = 2532	n = 876	n = 1248	n = 138	n = 202	n = 65	n = 245	n = 1651	n = 323	n = 881	n = 143	n = 859
	1.32 (1.27–1.38)	1.27 (1.18–1.35)	1.33 (1.26–1.41)	1.36 (1.15–1.61)	1.46 (1.27–1.67)	1.19 (0.93–1.52)	1.41 (1.24–1.60)	1.37 (1.30–1.43)	1.40 (1.26–1.57)	1.42 (1.33–1.52)	1.42 (1.21–1.68)	1.49 (1.39–1.59)
Maternal PCOS (n = 6789)	n = 560	n = 140	n = 248	n = 23	n = 52	n = 10	n = 69	n = 443	n = 91	n = 236	n = 32	n = 233
	1.41 (1.30–1.53)	1.34 (1.14–1.59)	1.61 (1.42–1.82)	1.45 (0.96–2.19)	1.60 (1.22–2.10)	1.28 (0.69–2.39)	1.72 (1.36–2.18)	1.62 (1.48–1.78)	1.81 (1.47–2.23)	1.95 (1.72–2.22)	1.50 (1.06–2.13)	1.82 (1.60–2.07)
Maternal anovulatory infertility (n = 18 625)	n = 1658	n = 527	n = 781	n = 89	n = 134	n = 37	n = 170	n = 1 168	n = 240	n = 577	n = 106	n = 614
	1.33 (1.27–1.40)	1.34 (1.23–1.47)	1.41 (1.32–1.51)	1.43 (1.16–1.77)	1.40 (1.18–1.67)	1.21 (0.88–1.67)	1.43 (1.23–1.67)	1.44 (1.36–1.52)	1.55 (1.36–1.76)	1.52 (1.40–1.65)	1.54 (1.27–1.87)	1.59 (1.47–1.72)
Male (n = 12 733)	n = 1545	n = 385	n = 542	n = 25	n = 103	n = 18	n = 156	n = 1151	n = 240	n = 666	n = 108	n = 508
	1.30 (1.24–1.37)	1.22 (1.11–1.35)	1.30 (1.19–1.41)	1.43 (0.96–2.12)	1.33 (1.09–1.61)	1.00 (0.63–1.59)	1.41 (1.20–1.66)	1.36 (1.28–1.44)	1.35 (1.19–1.53)	1.40 (1.29–1.51)	1.40 (1.15–1.69)	1.48 (1.36–1.62)
Female (n = 11 949)	n = 987	n = 491	n = 706	n = 113	n = 99	n = 47	n = 89	n = 500	n = 83	n = 215	n = 35	n = 351
	1.36 (1.28–1.45)	1.31 (1.20–1.43)	1.36 (1.26–1.46)	1.35 (1.12–1.63)	1.61 (1.32–1.97)	1.27 (0.95–1.70)	1.40 (1.13–1.73)	1.38 (1.26–1.51)	1.57 (1.27–1.96)	1.51 (1.32–1.73)	1.51 (1.08–2.11)	1.49 (1.34–1.66)

PCOS was identified by ICD-9 256.4 and ICD-10 E28.2. Anovulatory infertility was identified by ICD-9 628.0 and ICD-10 N97.0. The analyses were adjusted for maternal age, mother’s country of birth (Finland or not), mother married at birth (yes/no), maternal smoking (yes/no), parity (0 or ≥1), maternal psychiatric disorder (yes/no), maternal purchase of N05 and N06 during pregnancy (yes/no) and maternal systemic inflammatory disease (yes/no). For each outcome, birth cohort 1996–2014 was used and followed up until 2018.

ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders; ICD, international classification of disease; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.

^aA total of 4712 births were diagnosed with both maternal PCOS and anovulatory infertility. Reference group was total, male or female births to mothers with no PCOS no anovulatory infertility.