Table III.

Hazard ratios (95% CI) for offspring psychiatric and mild neurodevelopmental disorders in relation to maternal PCOS and BMI (birth cohort 2004–2014 in Finland).

	Any F diagnosis	Mood disorders	Anxiety disorders	Eating disorders	Sleeping disorders	Personality disorders	Intellectual disabilities	Specific developmental disorders	Autism spectrum disorders	ADHD and conduct disorders	Tic disorders	Other behavioral and emotional disorders
No maternal PCOS
Normal weight	n = 17661	n = 3710	n = 7516	n = 508	n = 1663	n = 167	n = 2115	n = 16 289	n = 2770	n = 8120	n = 1494	n = 8145
	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Overweight	n = 6752	n = 1464	n = 2828	n = 149	n = 606	n = 48	n = 945	n = 6883	n = 1166	n = 3405	n = 497	n = 3005
	1.12 (1.09–1.15)	1.18 (1.11–1.25)	1.09 (1.05–1.14)	0.85 (0.71–1.03)	1.06 (0.97–1.17)	0.87 (0.63–1.19)	1.27 (1.18–1.37)	1.22 (1.19–1.26)	1.25 (1.17–1.34)	1.25 (1.20–1.30)	1.01 (0.91–1.11)	1.10 (1.06–1.15)
Moderately obese	n = 2924	n = 630	n = 1266	n = 56	n = 199	n = 37	n = 438	n = 3221	n = 546	n = 1582	n = 195	n = 1241
	1.35 (1.30–1.40)	1.41 (1.30–1.53)	1.36 (1.28–1.44)	0.93 (0.70–1.22)	0.96 (0.83–1.12)	1.84 (1.29–2.63)	1.65 (1.49–1.83)	1.61 (1.55–1.67)	1.68 (1.53–1.84)	1.60 (1.52–1.69)	1.13 (0.98–1.32)	1.28 (1.20–1.36)
Severely obese	n = 1587	n = 381	n = 655	n = 22	n = 94	n = 9	n = 261	n = 1906	n = 273	n = 962	n = 91	n = 664
	1.61 (1.53–1.69)	1.93 (1.74–2.15)	1.57 (1.45–1.70)	0.83 (0.54–1.27)	0.97 (0.79–1.19)	1.00 (0.51–1.95)	2.15 (1.89–2.45)	2.09 (1.99–2.19)	1.86 (1.65–2.11)	2.16 (2.02–2.31)	1.18 (0.95–1.46)	1.50 (1.38–1.62)
Maternal PCOS
Normal weight	n = 427	n = 69	n = 179	n = 16	n = 50	n = 5	n = 63	n = 392	n = 84	n = 169	n = 33	n = 228
	1.20 (1.09–1.32)	1.02 (0.81–1.30)	1.25 (1.08–1.45)	1.63 (0.99–2.69)	1.30 (0.98–1.72)	1.58 (0.65–3.86)	1.44 (1.12–1.85)	1.19 (1.08–1.32)	1.39 (1.12–1.73)	1.13 (0.97–1.32)	1.07 (0.76–1.51)	1.38 (1.21–1.57)
Overweight	n = 200	n = 28	n = 73	n = 5	n = 24	n = 3	n = 27	n = 215	n = 26	n = 119	n = 20	n = 109
	1.25 (1.08–1.43)	0.95 (0.65–1.37)	1.14 (0.91–1.44)	1.14 (0.47–2.74)	1.40 (0.93–2.09)	2.17 (0.69–6.79)	1.35 (0.93–1.98)	1.44 (1.25–1.64)	0.97 (0.66–1.43)	1.76 (1.47–2.11)	1.46 (0.94–2.28)	1.47 (1.21–1.77)
Moderately obese	n = 172	n = 34	n = 57	n = 2	n = 15	n = 0	n = 27	n = 176	n = 33	n = 83	n = 12	n = 78
	1.92 (1.65–2.23)	2.08 (1.49–2.92)	1.60 (1.23–2.07)	0.90 (0.23–3.61)	1.51 (0.91–2.51)	NA	2.46 (1.68–3.59)	2.13 (1.84–2.47)	2.26 (1.61–3.19)	2.16 (1.74–2.68)	1.62 (0.92–2.85)	1.89 (1.51–2.36)
Severely obese	n = 115	n = 26	n = 52	n = 2	n = 10	n = 0	n = 12	n = 105	n = 17	n = 57	n = 6	n = 57
	2.11 (1.76–2.53)	2.46 (1.67–3.62)	2.28 (1.73–2.99)	1.43 (0.36–5.73)	1.64 (0.88–3.06)	NA	1.77 (1.01–3.13)	2.08 (1.72–2.52)	1.89 (1.17–3.04)	2.42 (1.87–3.14)	1.31 (0.59–2.91)	2.26 (1.74–2.94)

PCOS was identified by ICD-9 256.4 and ICD-10 E28.2. Anovulatory infertility was identified by ICD-9 628.0 and ICD-10 N97.0. The analyses were adjusted for maternal age, mother’s country of birth (Finland or not), mother married at birth (yes/no), maternal smoking (yes/no), parity (0 or ≥1), maternal psychiatric disorder (yes/no), maternal purchase of N05 and N06 during pregnancy (yes/no) and maternal systemic inflammatory disease (yes/no). For each outcome, the birth cohort was followed up until 2018. Reference group was normal-weight mothers with no PCOS. Births to underweight mothers with PCOS were small in number (n = 336) and hence not reported. Birth cohort 2004–2014 was used due to availability of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. ADHDs, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders.