Table 5.
Average (%) yield gains GM IR cotton and maize 1996–2018.
| Maize insect resistance to corn boring pests | Maize insect resistance to rootworm pests | Cotton insect resistance | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | 7.0 | 5.0 | 9.9 | Carpenter and Gianessi14 Marra et al13 Sankala and Blumentha15,16 Hutchison et al34 Rice35 Mullins and Hudson36 |
| China | N/a | N/a | 10.0 | Pray et al37 |
| South Africa | 11.1 | N/a | 24.0 | Gouse et al38-40 Van der Wald41 Ismael et al42Kirsten and Gouse43 James44 |
| Honduras | 23.9 | N/a | N/a | Falk Zepeda et al45,46 |
| Mexico | N/a | N/a | 11.0 | Traxler and Godoy-Avila S47 Monsanto Mexico annual cotton monitoring reports48 |
| Argentina | 5.9 | N/a | 30.0 | Trigo49 Trigo and Cap7 Qaim and De Janvry50,51 Elena52 |
| Philippines | 18.2 | N/a | N/a | Gonsales23,53 Yorobe54 Ramon55 |
| Spain | 11.5 | N/a | N/a | Brookes56,57 Gomez-Barbero et al58 Riesgo et al59 |
| Uruguay | 5.6 | N/a | N/a | As Argentina (no country-specific studies available and industry sources estimate similar impacts as in Argentina) |
| India | N/a | N/a | 29.0 | Bennett et al60 IMRB61,62) Herring and Rao63 |
| Colombia | 17.4 | N/a | 26.0 | Mendez et al22 Zambrano64 |
| Canada | 7.0 | 5.0 | N/a | As US (no country-specific studies available and industry sources estimate similar impacts as in the US) |
| Burkina Faso | N/a | N/a | 18.0 | Vitale J et al65, Vitale J66 |
| Brazil | 11.6 | N/a | 1.6 | Galveo9-12,67) Monsanto Brazil68 |
| Pakistan | N/a | N/a | 21.0 | Nazli et al,69 Kouser and Qaim70,71 |
| Myanmar | N/a | N/a | 30.6 | USDA72 |
| Australia | N/a | N/a | Nil | Doyle73 James74 CSIRO75 Fitt76 |
| Paraguay | 5.5 | N/a | Not available | As Argentina (no country-specific studies available and industry sources estimate similar impacts as in Argentina) |
| Vietnam | 7.2 | N/a | N/a | Brookes24 |
1. N/a = not applicable
2. Not included in table – also IR brinjal grown in Bangladesh an average yield gain 2013/14 to 2018/19 of +17.3%
3. Reference to Monsanto Mexico annual monitoring reports. These are unpublished, annual monitoring of crop reports that the company is required to submit to the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, as part of post-market monitoring requirements. This provides data on seed premia, cost of pest control and production and yields for GM IR cotton versus conventional to a regional level
4. GM IR maize performance in Uruguay and Paraguay. Industry sources consulted for using Argentina impact data as a suitable proxy for impact in these countries include Monsanto Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, Argenbio (Argentine Biotechnology Association) and Trigo E (Grupo CEO)