TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by trial
| Characteristic |
Trial 1 (n = 440) No. (%) or Mean ± SD |
Trial 2 (n = 302) No. (%) or Mean ± SD |
Trial 3 (n = 592) No. (%) or Mean ± SD |
P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 44.6 ± 12.3 | 56.4 ± 13.1 | 52.6 ± 11.1 | <.0001 |
| Female | 264 (60.0%) | 228 (75.5%) | 370 (62.5%) | <.0001 |
| African American | 411 (93.4%) | 286 (94.7%) | 558 (94.3%) | .7414 |
| Hispanic | 10 (2.3%) | 8 (2.7%) | 11 (1.9%) | .7571 |
| Employed | 69 (15.7%) | 42 (14.0%) | 95 (16.1%) | .7071 |
| Uninsured | 305 (69.3%) | 54 (17.9%) | 13 (2.2%) | <.0001 |
| Household income <$15 000 | 331 (81.7%) | 135 (55.6%) | 383 (73.5%) | <.0001 |
| Low social support | 57 (13.0%) | 59 (19.6%) | 133 (22.5%) | .0004 |
| Alcohol overuse | 113 (26.5%) | 64 (21.4%) b | 154 (29.0%) | .0579 |
| Drug use | 94 (21.6%) | 34 (11.3%) | 132 (22.5%) | .0002 |
| Health literacy score a | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.3 c | 2.0 ± 1.2 | .0232 |
| Mean patient activation measure | 59.4 ± 15.2 | 60.9 ± 13.5 | 60.1 ± 14.2 | .3576 |
| Self‐rated physical health | 33.3 ± 10.7 | 35.7 ± 11.4 b | 33.8 ± 10.3 | .0150 |
| Self‐rated mental health | 42.2 ± 12.6 | 44.8 ± 13.2 b | 42.7 ± 13.5 | .0256 |
| Delayed health need | 225 (51.5%) | 115 (38.5%) c | 272 (46.5%) c | .0023 |
| Unmet health need | 172 (39.4%) | 46 (15.4%) c | 157 (26.8%) c | <.0001 |
| One or more hospitalizations in previous 12 mo | 396 (90.4%) | 105 (35.0%) c | 211 (35.8%) c | <.0001 |
Scales from 1 to 100 unless otherwise indicated. For all variables, there was <5% missing data.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CHW, community health worker.
a
Measured on a scale of 5 (low) to 1 (high).
b
One patient value missing (ie, outcome and trial‐specific denominator = n−1).
c
Two patient values missing (ie, outcome and trial‐specific denominator = n−2).