Table 2.

Hormetic mechanisms mediating chloroquine responses.

Reference	Comments
Ma et al., 2019	Page 287 – Low dose chloroquine prevented the capacity of clotamide to decrease intracellular GSH levels. Glutamate increases in Bax and caspase 3 were significantly decreased by chloroquine; BCL-2 and BCLxl levels were increased.
Hirata et al., 2011	Chloroquine inhibits glutamate-induced death of a neural cell line by reducing ROS via sigma-1 receptor.
Bourke et al., 2015	Preconditioning protection via hydroxychloroquine against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury was blocked by UO126 which inhibits ERK1/2 kinase.
Tang et al., 2018	Preconditioning protection against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibitor of cathepsin mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by downregulating NF-KB signaling.
Xu et al., 2018	Chloroquine protected against ischemic model injury by increasing HMGB1 (nuclear protein high mobility group tort).
Liu et al., 2018	Low doses target P13K/AKT pathway increasing the P13K AKT ratio.
Zhang et al., 2017	Acts via increasing the expression of LC3-II and inhibition of autophagy P13K-AKT signaling pathway upregulation.