Table 2.
Meta‐analysis results for diabetes care measures by patient race/ethnicity and education
| Race/Ethnicity b | Education c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black | Hispanic | Asian | ≥HS | ||
| Intermediate outcomes | |||||
| HbA1c control | Effect size: | 0.672 a | 0.682 a | 1.515 | 1.242 a |
| 95% CI: | 0.546, 0.828 | 0.607, 0.767 | 1.318, 1.742 | 1.130, 1.364 | |
| No. of studies (I 2 statistic): | 10 (98%) | 9 (91%) | 1 (NA) | 12 (85%) | |
| BP control | Effect size: | 0.680 | 1.141 | 1.124 | 1.109 |
| 95% CI: | 0.580, 0.796 | 0.977, 1.333 | 0.983, 1.279 | 0.953, 1.291 | |
| No of studies (I 2 statistic) | 7 (86%) | 5 (87%) | 1 (NA) | 5 (92%) | |
| LDL control | Effect size: | 0.959 | 1.148 | 0.756 | 1.078 |
| 95% CI: | 0.718, 1.280 | 0.913, 1.443 | 0.599, 0.952 | 0.840, 1.383 | |
| No of studies (I 2 statistic) | 6 (94%) | 5 (97%) | 2 (84%) | 4 (92%) | |
| Process measures | |||||
| HbA1c test | Effect size: | 0.935 | 1.146 | 1.303 | 0.96 |
| 95% CI: | 0.654, 1.336 | 0.841, 1.562 | 1.012, 1.677 | 0.839, 1.098 | |
| No of studies (I 2 statistic): | 4 (83%) | 5 (79%) | 2 (51%) | 2 (55%) | |
| Eye examination | Effect size: | 1.218 a | 1.138 | 1.376 a | 1.277 a |
| 95% CI: | 1.114, 1.331 | 0.973, 1.330 | 1.133, 1.670 | 1.170, 1.393 | |
| No of studies (I 2 statistic) | 7 (43%) | 9 (80%) | 3 (39%) | 4 (83%) | |
| Foot examination | Effect size: | 1.493 a | 1.088 | 1.275 a | 1.065 |
| 95% CI: | 1.307, 1.786 | 0.928, 1.275 | 1.103, 1.473 | 0.951, 1.193 | |
| No of studies (I 2 statistic): | 6 (59%) | 8 (80%) | 2 (0%) | 4 (90%) | |
| Lipid test | Effect size: | 0.722 a | 1.014 | 1.221 a | 1.191 |
| 95% CI: | 0.593, 0.880 | 0.956, 1.076 | 1.088, 1.370 | 0.895, 1.583 | |
| No of studies (I 2 statistic): | 4 (86%) | 4 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 4 (99%) | |
| Nephropathy screening | Effect size: | 1.27 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 0.94 |
| 95% CI: | 1.08, 1.49 | 0.94, 1.32 | 0.92, 1.27 | 0.84, 1.05 | |
| No of studies (I 2 statistic): | 1 (NA) | 1 (NA) | 1 (NA) | 1 (NA) | |
Estimates in bold are significant at the 5% level or higher.
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence intervalHbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ≥HS, high school degree or more; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
Estimate and 95% CI are comparable to results after trim‐and‐fill imputation with no substantive difference. Difference in OR point estimate minus trim‐and‐fill OR ranged from −0.111 to +0.123. There was 50% or greater overlap between estimate's 95% CI and 95% CI from trim‐and‐fill procedure.
Race/ethnicity estimates use white patients with diabetes as the reference group.
Education results use patients with less than high school degree as the reference group.