Table 3.

Results for structure, process, and outcome quality by category

Category	Study	AMSTAR score	Structure	Process	Outcome
Salary	Chaix-Couturier et al. [27]	Low		↗
	Scott et al. [28]	High	⇆	⇆
Fee for service	Chaix-Couturier et al. [27]	Low		↘
	Keyhani et al. [21]	Moderate		⇆
	Nejati et al. [22]	Moderate			↘
	Steiner and Robinson [29]	Moderate	⇆	⇆	ND
	Wranik et al. [30]	Moderate		↘
Bonus payments	Hamilton et al. [32]	Moderate		↗	⇆
	Sabatino et al. [33]	Moderate		⇆
Bundled payments	Aviki et al. [17]	Moderate		⇆
	Hussey et al. [36]	High		⇆	⇆
	Nejati et al. [22]	Moderate		↗	⇆
Pay-for-performance	Christianson et al. [39]	Moderate		↗	↗
	Forbes et al. [40]	Moderate		QOF ↗	QOF ⇆
	Hamilton et al. [32]	Moderate		QOF ↗	QOF ⇆
	Huang et al. [26]	High		↗	↗
	Kondo et al. [25]	Moderate		⇆
	Mendelson et al. [38]	Moderate		⇆	⇆; QOF ↗
	Petersen et al. [23]	Moderate	⇆	↗	⇆
	Schatz [37]	Low		⇆	⇆
	Scott et al. [28]	High		⇆	⇆
	Van Herck et al. [24]	High		⇆	⇆
Capitation	Chaix-Couturier et al. [27]	Low		⇆	⇆
	Hodgson et al. [18]	Low		⇆	⇆
	Johri et al. [19]	Low		↘	↘
	Steiner and Robinson [29]	Moderate	⇆	⇆	ND
	Wranik et al. [30]	Moderate		↗
Accountable care organizations	Aviki et al. [17]	Moderate		↗	⇆
	Kaufman et al. [20]	Moderate		↗	⇆
	Nejati et al. [22]	Moderate		↗

ND no difference, QOF Quality and Outcomes Framework, ⇆ indicates mixed results, ↗ indicates positive effects, ↘ indicates negative effects