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. 2020 Sep 25;10:15770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72628-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Task assessing Pavlovian influences on instrumental learning. (a) On each trial, participants saw one of four distinctly colored robots (cue). Participants could then either press (“Go”) or not press (“No-Go”) the robot’s “button” (the target) when it appeared. (b) Following their choice, participants received probabilistic feedback (outcomes for “Win” trials: win a ticket or neither win nor lose a ticket; outcomes for “Avoid Losing” trials: neither win nor lose a ticket or lose a ticket). (c) Each uniquely colored robot, which corresponded to one of the four trial types, was associated with a correct response (“Go” or “No-Go”) and an outcome (rewards or punishments). Pavlovian reactions and instrumental contingencies were aligned for the trial types on the bolded diagonal, whereas for the other two trial types they were in opposition.