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. 2020 Sep 25;10:15770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72628-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Behavioral performance by age. (a) Number of tickets won is plotted as a function of age. A quadratic line of best fit is shown. The error bars represent a .95 confidence interval. (b) Mean accuracy across all trials is plotted for each trial type, separately by age group. The darker shaded bars depict the trials for which Pavlovian tendencies are aligned with the optimal instrumental response, and the lighter shaded bars depict the trials for which Pavlovian tendencies are in conflict with the optimal instrumental response. Yellow points represent mean accuracy that was calculated from simulating data using the parameter estimates for each participant from the best-fitting model. The following abbreviations are used: GW: Go to Win; GAL: Go to Avoid Losing; NGW: No-Go to Win; NGAL: No-Go to Avoid Losing. Error bars represent ± 1 SEM.