Table 4. Hospitalization, ICU Admission, Use of Mechanical Ventilator, and Death Among Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019a.
| Factor | Hospitalization | ICU admission | Mechanical ventilator | In-hospital death | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)b | P value | OR (95% CI)b | P value | OR (95% CI)b | P value | OR (95% CI)b | P value | |
| Patient race and socioeconomic status | ||||||||
| Black race | 1.85 (1.0-3.67) | .04 | 1.52 (0.75-3.07) | .24 | 1.02 (0.37-2.80) | .96 | 1.43 (0.14-14.1) | .31 |
| Enrolled in Medicaid | 3.84 (1.20-12.3) | .02 | 3.58 (1.08-11.8) | .04 | 2.05 (0.28-14.68) | .47 | 5.33 (014-19.92) | .36 |
| Interaction of race × poverty status | 0.35 (0.09-1.43) | .09 | 0.15 (0.03-0.70) | .02 | 0.13 (0.01-1.47) | .10 | 0.02 (0.001-2.44) | .11 |
| Patient demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Aged ≥60 y v <60 y | 1.78 (1.00-3.18) | .05 | 1.95 (1.01-3.83) | .05 | 1.74 (0.67-4.59) | .26 | 22.79 (3.38-53.81) | .001 |
| Men vs women | 1.22 (0.70-2.10) | .48 | 1.03 (0.59-1.83) | .90 | 0.44 (0.16-1.15) | .10 | 0.05 (0.005-0.43) | .06 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| 3 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 0 | 0.43 (0.19-0.98) | .04 | 0.36 (0.14-0.91) | .03 | 0.22 (0.05-0.830 | .02 | 0.05 (0.005-0.39) | .005 |
| 1-2 | 0.51 (0.28-0.97) | .04 | 0.57 (0.29-1.12) | .10 | 0.25 (0.08-0.70) | .009 | 0.01 (0.006-0.16) | .001 |
| BMI | 0.99 (0.71-2.10) | .55 | 1.03 (0.99-1.08) | .90 | 1.06 (1.02-1.09) | .003 | 1.19 (1.05-1.35) | .006 |
| History of smoking or current smoking vs no smoking | 1.38 (0.79-2.43) | .37 | 2.14 (1.15-3.98) | .01 | 4.24 (1.54-8.61) | .001 | 7.15 (0.55-9.22) | .13 |
| Symptoms at testing | ||||||||
| Fever | 2.56 (1.49-4.38) | .001 | 1.87 (1.08-3.46) | .05 | 2.68 (0.99-7.37) | .06 | 0.73 (0.15-3.48) | .70 |
| Cough | 0.44 (0.24-0.81) | .008 | 0.65 (0.31-1.34) | .24 | 0.24 (0.07-0.79) | .02 | 0.04 (0.005-0.33) | .003 |
| Shortness of breath | 3.44 (2.03-5.84) | .001 | 4.50 (2.31-8.74) | .001 | 9.86 (2.82-34.39) | .001 | 10.67 (1.52-25.54) | .02 |
| Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain | 1.25 (0.69-2.29) | .28 | 1.16 (0.60-2.25) | .65 | 1.00 (0.31-3.17) | .99 | 0.43 (0.09-2.04) | .21 |
| Other symptoms | 1.41 (0.75-2.64) | .45 | 1.36 (0.68-2.25) | .38 | 3.10 (0.53-18.02) | .21 | 3.15 (1.10-8.94) | .03 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio.
a
Sample size was 369 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 for hospitalization and ICU use; 311 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 for mechanical ventilator, after excluding persons with missing BMI due to collinearity; and 116 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 for in-hospital mortality.
b
The ORs and 95% CIs were obtained from models estimated using a generalized estimating equation logit specification that adjusts for clustering at the zip code–level of patients’ residence. All models also include a constant term and an indicator for missing BMI.