Table 1.
Characteristic of the study cohort at baseline in middle-aged and older adults from CHARLS
| Characteristic | Value (n = 8204) |
|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 60.09 ± 6.37 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 4289 (52.3) |
| Educational level, n (%) | |
| No formal education | 3551 (43.3) |
| Primary school | 2011 (24.5) |
| Middle or high school | 2270 (27.7) |
| College or above | 372 (4.5) |
| Married, n (%) | 7310 (89.1) |
| Rural residence, n (%) | 4906 (59.8) |
| High household income, n (%) | 2351 (28.7) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 2757 (33.6) |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 2856 (34.8) |
| Poor self-report of health, n (%) | 2107 (25.7) |
| Depressive symptoms, n (%) | 2854 (34.8) |
| Restriction on ADL, n (%) | 1157 (14.1) |
| Visual impairment, n (%) | 464 (5.7) |
| Hearing impairment, n (%) | 600 (7.3) |
| Comorbidity, n (%)* | |
| 0 | 1166 (14.2) |
| 1 | 1941 (23.7) |
| ≥ 2 | 5097 (62.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 23.54 ± 3.92 |
| Social activity scores, n (%) | |
| 0 | 4919 (60.0) |
| 1–2 | 1460 (17.8) |
| ≥ 3 | 1825 (22.2) |
| Intellectual activity scores, n (%) | |
| 0 | 6407 (78.1) |
| 1–2 | 1193 (14.5) |
| ≥ 3 | 604 (7.4) |
| Global cognitive scores, mean ± SD | 11.71 ± 3.43 |
| Mental intactness scores, mean ± SD | 7.82 ± 2.64 |
| Episodic memory scores, mean ± SD | 3.89 ± 1.61 |
CHARLS China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, ADL activities of daily living, BMI body mass index
*Based on nine self-reported, physician-diagnosed conditions, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, heart diseases, stroke, chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, arthritis, and cancer