Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the studies included in meta-analysis.

Studies/country	Pioglitazone arm (n)	Control arm (n)	Mean age (years)	Gender % (M/F)	% HbA1c change (control group subtracted)	Pioglitazone dose (mg)	Concomitant medications (pioglitazone arm)	Concomitant medications (control arm)	Duration (weeks)
PROactive11(2005)/19 European countries	2605	2633	61.9	63/37	0.5	45	Metformin SU Insulin	Metformin SU Insulin	138
TOSCA.IT12(2017)/Italy	1535	1493	62.4	59/41	0.04	15–45	Metformin	SU	57.3
PROFIT-J13(2014)/Japan	254	268	69	63.2/36.8	0.53	45 (M)/30 (F)	Metformin SU AGI Insulin	Metformin SU AGI Insulin	96
Kaku et al.14(2009)/Japan	293	294	57.9	62.5/37.5	0.65	15–45	Metformin SU AGI Insulin	Metformin SU AGI Insulin	130–208
J-SPIRIT15(2015)/Japan	63	57	68.1	77.8/22.2	0.13	15–30	None	None	146
Lee et al.16(2013)/South Korea	60	61	60.3	71.7/28.3	0.84	15	Metformin SU Insulin	Metformin SU Insulin	52
PERISCOPE7(2008)/North and South America	181	179	60	68.9/31.1	0.19	15–45	Metformin Insulin	Metformin SU Insulin	78
Kaneda et al.17(2009)/Japan	48	48	67	75/25	0.2	15–30	None	None	26
Giles et al.26(2008)/USA	262	256	64.2	70.2/29.8	0.25	30–45	Insulin	SU Insulin	26
Giles et al.27(2010)/USA	151	149	64	56/44	0.04	15–45	Insulin	SU Insulin	52