Table 1.
Overall Data of the Selected Studies in This Meta-Analysis
| Author References |
Year | Country | Autism | Healthy Controls | Type of Sample | Type of Measurement | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean) | N | Cu (m±SD) | Hg (m±SD) | Pb (m±SD) | Age (Mean) | N | Cu (m±SD) | Hg (m±SD) | Pb (m±SD) | |||||
| Wecker.L5 | 1985 | USA | 2–11 | 12 | 12.3±1.9 | 15.2±0.6 | 12.6±1.6 | 2–11 | 21 | 26.3±2.7 | 15.2±0.3 | 10.7±1.2 | Hair | Atomic Absorption |
| Elsheshtaway.E18 | 2011 | Egypt | 4 | 32 | 26.5±1.9 | 0.55±0.06 | 9.75±1.8 | 4.1 | 32 | 19.1±4.4 | 3.2±0.2 | 6.8±0.86 | Hair | Atomic Absorption |
| De Palma.G24 | 2012 | Italy | 9 | 44 | 10.2 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 8.4 | 61 | 9.4 | 0.25 | 0.8 | Hair | ICP-MS |
| Adams.J13 | 2006 | USA | 7.1 | 51 | 34.6 | 0.29 | 0.62 | 7.5 | 40 | 33.4 | 0.29 | 0.81 | Hair | ICP-MS |
| Blaurockbusch.E14 | 2012 | KSA | 3–9 | 44 | 133.8±115.4 | 3.35±4.8 | 4.56±1.4 | 3–9 | 146 | Hair | ICP-MS | |||
| Adams.J25 | 2011 | USA | 5–16 | 55 | 0.76±0.08 | 5–16 | 44 | 0.72±0.09 | Plasma | ICP-MS | ||||
| Lakshmi. M.D16 | 2011 | India | 4–12 | 45 | 18.4±2.3 | 4.02±0.47 | 20.18±2.36 | 4–12 | 50 | 9.62±1.15 | 2.87±0.34 | 16.2±1.94 | Nail | Atomic Absorption |
| Lakshmi. M.D16 | 2011 | India | 4–12 | 45 | 24.04±2.88 | 1.61±0.19 | 7.72±0.92 | 4–12 | 50 | 12.31±1.4 | 0.37±0.04 | 1.56±0.18 | Hair | Atomic Absorption |
| Blaurockbusch.E23 | 2011 | KSA | 3–9 | 25 | 21.94±21.7 | 0.47±0.42 | 0.01±0.02 | 3–9 | 25 | 19.69±9.95 | 0.3±0.31 | 0.01±0.01 | Hair | ICP-MS |
| AL-Farsi. Y.M26 | 2012 | Oman | 1–14 | 27 | 1.2±0.1 | 12.2±1.1 | 3–14 | 27 | 6.6±0.7 | 6.3±0.8 | Hair | ICP-MS | ||
| Shearer.T.R27 | 1982 | American | 8 | 12 | 11±22 | 3.5±3.3 | 8.4 | 12 | 10±4 | 4.7±3.4 | Hair | Atomic Absorption | ||
| El BazMohamed.F28 | 2015 | Egypt | 6.2 | 100 | 0.39±0.37 | 3.31±3.92 | 6.8 | 100 | 0.25±0.16 | 2.06±2.45 | Hair | Atomic Absorption | ||
| Geier.D.A29 | 2010 | USA | 7.3 | 83 | 22.2±12.1 | 11.4 | 89 | 10.7±4.3 | Plasma | Cold Vapor Analysis | ||||
| Torsdottir.G30 | 2005 | Iceland | 18–35 | 13 | 16.8 | 17.1 | Plasma | Atomic Absorption | ||||||
| Jeff Brad.M.D31 | 2003 | USA | 3–15 | 221 | 4.06±8.59 | 18.2±43.3 | 3–16 | 18 | 1.29±1.54 | 11.8±8.6 | Plasma | ICP-MS | ||
| Holms.A.S12 | 2003 | USA | 2–15 | 94 | 0.47±0.28 | 2–15 | 45 | 3.63±3.56 | Hair | ICP-MS | ||||
| Yassa.H.A32 | 2014 | Egypt | 2–10 | 45 | 4.02±0.54 | 55.24±10.02 | 2–10 | 45 | 0±0.02 | 9.75±0.58 | Blood | Atomic Absorption | ||
| Yassa.H.A19 | 2014 | Egypt | 2–10 | 45 | 5.21±0.08 | 60.04±9.75 | 2–10 | 45 | 0.11±0.05 | 12.03±0.45 | Hair | Atomic Absorption | ||
| Macedoni.M33 | 2014 | Slovenia | 6.2 | 52 | 20.57±3.29 | 1.9±0.97 | 30.8±34.33 | 6.6 | 22 | 19.87±4.12 | 1.55±0.56 | 18.6±7.24 | Blood | FAAS&EAAS &VAAS |
| Obrenvich.ME17 | 2011 | <6 | 26 | 0.25 | 0.6 | <6 | 39 | 0.6 | 0.66 | Hair | ||||