Table 1.
The Summery of Antimalarial Drugs
| Class | Category | Drug (Year of Development) | Therapeutic Use | Side Effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quinoline derivatives |
Cinchona alkaloid | Quinine, Quinidine (1820) | Treatment of P. falciparum and severe malaria | Hypoglycemia Cichonism (tinnitus, deafness, visual disturbances, headache, dysphoria, nausea, vomiting), hypotension |
[96] |
| 4-aminoquinoline | Chloroquine (1940) | For non-falciparum malaria | Accumulate in retinal and melanin | [97] | |
| Amodiaquine (1948) |
Partner drug for ACT | Hepatitis, myelotoxi city, agranulocytosis |
[98] | ||
| Piperaquine (1960) |
ACT partner drug with dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine | Mild headache, dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain vomiting, | [99] | ||
| 8-Aminoquinoline | Primaquine (1950) |
Radical cure and prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale; gametocytocidal for P. falciparum | Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency | [100] | |
| Tafenoquine (1978) |
Radical cure and prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale; gametocytocidal for P. falciparum | Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency | [100] | ||
| Quinoline-methanol | Mefloquine (1970) |
Prophylaxis and partner drug for ACT to treat P. falciparum | Depression, psychosis, nightmares | [101] | |
| Aryl amino alcohol |
Lumefantrine (1976) |
Combination with artemether as ACT | Headache, anorexia, dizziness, and asthenia with artemether | [102] | |
| Halofantrine (1980) |
TX of Pf malaria | Cardiac toxicity | [102] | ||
| Benzonaphthyridine derivative | Pyronaridine (1970) | Combination with artesunate as ACT | Abdominal pain, vomiting, headache,dizziness, loss of appetite, palpitation and transient ECG changes, but no serious | [103] | |
| Artemisinin | Sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxides |
Artemether | ACT: combine with lumefantrine | Have excellent safety profile long-term use may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, itching and drug fever |
[104] |
| Artesunate | ACT; treatment of severe malaria | ||||
| Dihydroartemisinin | Chloroquine resistant malaria, Complicated p. falciparum Cerebral malaria |
||||
| Napthoquinone | Atovaquone (1991) | Combined with proguanil to treat P. falciparum | Diarrhoea, vomiting, headache, rashes, fever, |
[105] | |
| Antifolate | Diaminopyrimidine | Pyrimethamine (1950) | Used only in combination with sulfonamide or dapsone for treatment of falciparum malaria |
Nausea and rashes megaloblastic anaemia and granulocytopenia | [106] |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfadoxine (1960) | Use is restricted to single-dose treatment of uncomplicated CQ-resistant falciparum | Exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, | ||
| Biguanide | Proguanil (Chloroguanide) (1945) |
Treatment of chloroquine- resistant parasites; Combine with artesunate as ACT | Alopecia, aphthous ulceration, nausea, and gastric irritation | ||
| Antimicrobial | Tetracycline | Doxycycline and tetracycline |
Combined to quinine to treat P. falciparum when resistance to quinine | Skin and gastrointestinal toxicity | [107] |
| Lincisamide | Clindamycin | Clindamycin plus quinine for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria | [108] | ||
| Macrolide | Azithromycin |