Table 1.
Subjects characteristics
| Factor | Indonesians (n = 470) | White Australians (n = 819) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 67.4 ± 7.4 | 78.7 ± 4.8 | < 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 316 (67.2) | 465 (56.8) | < 0.001 |
| Education < 9 years, n (%) | 304 (64.7) | 120 (14.7) | < 0.001 |
| HDL, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.126 |
| LDL, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| APOE ε4+, n (%) | 98 (24.6) | 170 (22.4) | 0.429 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 76 (16.2) | 23 (2.8) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 95 (20.2) | 107 (13.1) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 253 (59.1) | 676 (82.5) | < 0.001 |
| GDS score, mean ± SD | 3.4 ± 2.7 | 2.2 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| BNT score, mean ± SDa | 12.0 ± 3.3 | 25.0 ± 3.5 | – |
| Fluency score, mean ± SD | 14.7 ± 4.8 | 15.0 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 |
| MMSE score, mean ± SD | 23.0 ± 4.9 | 28.1 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| OI score, mean ± SDb | 5.4 ± 2.6 | 9.2 ± 2.2 | – |
a
The BNT was 15 items for Indonesians and 30 items for white Australians
b
Different OI tests were used, with the maximum score 10 for Indonesians and 12 for white Australians
APOE apolipoprotein E, BNT Boston Naming Test, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, OI odour identification, SD standard deviation