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. 2020 Aug 3;55(10):944–957. doi: 10.1007/s00535-020-01712-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Tumor microenvironment of biliary tract cancer and potential cellular targets in combination with immunotherapy. There are different cell types that compose the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. It is a potential strategy to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with the agents targeting on other immune cells. MDSC myeloid derived suppressive cell, CAF cancer-associated fibroblast, ECM extracellular matrix