Table 2.
Adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of Alzheimer’s disease according to vascular risk factors
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | Group 5 | P for trend | Sex × group interaction P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cholesterol | |||||||
| Ranges (mg/dL) | < 200 | 200–239 | ≥ 240 | – | – | ||
| Total population, age- and sex-aHR | 1 [reference] | 1.013 (0.971–1.058) | 1.085 (1.025–1.149) | – | – | 0.013 | |
| Total population, aHR† | 1 [reference] | 1.035 (0.991–1.082) | 1.089 (1.025–1.156) | – | – | 0.005 | |
| Male, aHR† | 1 [reference] | 0.998 (0.924–1.079) | 1.055 (0.929–1.198) | – | – | 0.574 | 0.339 |
| Female, aHR† | 1 [reference] | 1.055 (1.000–1.114) | 1.102 (1.028–1.181) | – | – | 0.004 | |
| LDL cholesterol | |||||||
| Ranges (mg/dL) | < 100 | 100–129 | 130–159 | 160–189 | ≥ 190 | ||
| Total population, age- and sex-aHR | 1 [reference] | 0.952 (0.908–0.997) | 0.981 (0.932–1.034) | 1.045 (0.973–1.122) | 1.017 (0.906–1.142) | 0.658 | |
| Total population, aHR‡ | 1 [reference] | 1.006 (0.959–1.055) | 1.046 (0.991–1.103) | 1.116 (1.039–1.199) | 1.085 (0.966–1.218) | 0.004 | |
| Male, aHR‡ | 1 [reference] | 0.957 (0.887–1.033) | 0.963 (0.878–1.056) | 1.073 (0.932–1.235) | 1.123 (0.855–1.474) | 0.928 | 0.208 |
| Female, aHR‡ | 1 [reference] | 1.044 (0.981–1.111) | 1.096 (1.026–1.171) | 1.150 (1.056–1.252) | 1.095 (0.961–1.247) | 0.0003 | |
| HDL cholesterol | |||||||
| Ranges (mg/dL) | ≥ 60 | 59–40 | < 40 | – | – | ||
| Total population, age- and sex-aHR | 1 [reference] | 0.965 (0.924–1.008) | 1.000 (0.940–1.062) | 0.528 | |||
| Total population, aHR§ | 1 [reference] | 0.945 (0.904–0.988) | 0.941 (0.882–1.004) | 0.019 | |||
| Male, aHR§ | 1 [reference] | 0.953 (0.880–1.031) | 0.978 (0.880–1.087) | – | – | 0.517 | 0.132 |
| Female, aHR§ | 1 [reference] | 0.943 (0.894–0.995) | 0.913 (0.840–0.991) | – | – | 0.012 | |
| Triglyceride | |||||||
| Ranges (mg/dL) | < 150 | 150–199 | 200–499 | – | – | ||
| Total population, age- and sex-aHR | 1 [reference] | 1.031 (0.981–1.085) | 1.101 (1.044–1.161) | – | – | 0.0004 | |
| Total population, aHR|| | 1 [reference] | 1.030 (0.978–1.084) | 1.094 (1.034–1.156) | – | 0.002 | ||
| Male, aHR|| | 1 [reference] | 1.100 (1.003–1.205) | 1.084 (0.978–1.201) | – | – | 0.044 | 0.189 |
| Female, aHR|| | 1 [reference] | 1.002 (0.941–1.067) | 1.100 (1.030–1.176) | – | 0.011 | ||
| Fasting glucose | |||||||
| Ranges (mg/dL) | < 70 | 70–99 | 100–125 | ≥ 126 | – | ||
| Total population, age- and sex-aHR | 1 [reference] | 0.850 (0.671–1.078) | 0.868 (0.684–1.102) | 1.029 (0.807–1.311) | – | < .0001 | |
| Total population, aHR# | 1 [reference] | 0.897 (0.707–1.138) | 0.882 (0.695–1.120) | 0.896 (0.702–1.143) | – | 0.689 | |
| Male, aHR# | 1 [reference] | 0.839 (0.577–1.219) | 0.825 (0.567–1.200) | 0.907 (0.618–1.330) | – | 0.358 | 0.09 |
| Female, aHR# | 1 [reference] | 0.932 (0.685–1.268) | 0.918 (0.674–1.250) | 0.891 (0.650–1.222) | – | 0.27 | |
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||||
| Ranges (mmHg) | < 120 | 120–129 | 130–139 | ≥ 140 | – | ||
| Total population, age- and sex-aHR | 1 [reference] | 0.951 (0.898–1.007) | 0.890 (0.844–0.938) | 0.887 (0.840–0.936) | – | < .0001 | |
| Total population, aHR** | 1 [reference] | 0.925 (0.872–0.982) | 0.854 (0.805–0.905) | 0.827 (0.771–0.888) | – | < .0001 | |
| Male, aHR** | 1 [reference] | 0.839 (0.577–1.219) | 0.825 (0.567–1.200) | 0.907 (0.618–1.330) | – | 0.358 | 0.405 |
| Female, aHR** | 1 [reference] | 0.884 (0.821–0.953) | 0.830 (0.772–0.893) | 0.800 (0.734–0.873) | – | < .0001 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | |||||||
| Ranges (mmHg) | < 80 | 80–89 | ≥ 90 | – | – | ||
| Total population, age- and sex-aHR | 1 [reference] | 0.988 (0.948–1.030) | 0.984 (0.931–1.040) | – | – | 0.5 | |
| Total population, aHR†† | 1 [reference] | 1.041 (0.996–1.089) | 1.110 (1.037–1.188) | – | – | 0.003 | |
| Male, aHR†† | 1 [reference] | 1.035 (0.960–1.116) | 1.018 (0.904–1.147) | – | – | 0.565 | 0.201 |
| Female, aHR†† | 1 [reference] | 1.046 (0.990–1.106) | 1.158 (1.066–1.259) | – | – | 0.001 | |
| Body mass index | |||||||
| Ranges | < 18.5 | 18.5–24.9 | 25–29.9 | 30–34.9 | ≥ 35 | ||
| Total population, age- and sex-aHR | 1 [reference] | 1.000 (0.918–1.089) | 0.958 (0.876–1.049) | 0.967 (0.840–1.114) | 1.397 (0.769–2.538) | 0.145 | |
| Total population, aHR‡‡ | 1 [reference] | 0.981 (0.899–1.069) | 0.914 (0.832–1.003) | 0.901 (0.780–1.040) | 1.292 (0.710–2.349) | 0.067 | |
| Male, aHR‡‡ | 1 [reference] | 1.065 (0.902–1.233) | 1.004 (0.854–1.181) | 1.117 (0.818–1.525) | 2.428 (0.602–9.792) | 0.078 | 0.536 |
| Female, aHR‡‡ | 1 [reference] | 0.929 (0.834–1.034) | 0.859 (0.765–0.964) | 0.828 (0.702–0.978) | 1.100 (0.567–2.135) | 0.265 | |
†Adjusted for sex, age, income, lifestyles (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), comorbidities, healthcare visit frequency, medication history, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin. Sex was not included as a covariate in the sex subgroup analysis
‡Adjusted for sex, age, income, lifestyles (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), comorbidities, healthcare visit frequency, medication history, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin. Sex was not included as a covariate in the sex subgroup analysis
§Adjusted for sex, age, income, lifestyles (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), comorbidities, healthcare visit frequency, medication history, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin. Sex was not included as a covariate in the sex subgroup analysis
||Adjusted for sex, age, income, lifestyles (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), comorbidities, healthcare visit frequency, medication history, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C, HDL-C, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin. Sex was not included as a covariate in the sex subgroup analysis
#Adjusted for sex, age, income, lifestyles (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), comorbidities, healthcare visit frequency, medication history, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglyceride, and hemoglobin. Sex was not included as a covariate in the sex subgroup analysis
**Adjusted for sex, age, income, lifestyles (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), comorbidities, healthcare visit frequency, medication history, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin. Sex was not included as a covariate in the sex subgroup analysis
††Adjusted for sex, age, income, lifestyles (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), comorbidities, healthcare visit frequency, medication history, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin. Sex was not included as a covariate in the sex subgroup analysis
‡‡Adjusted for sex, age, income, lifestyles (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), comorbidities, healthcare visit frequency, medication history, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin. Sex was not included as a covariate in the sex subgroup analysis