Table 3. Species differences in the six cognitive scales.
Univariate analyses for the species differences for the six cognitive scales.
| ANOVAs | Df | F-value | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quantity | 6 | 3.49 | 0.0026** |
| Communication | 6 | 2.10 | 0.0549 |
| Kruskal–Wallis tests | Df | χ2 | P-value |
| Space | 6 | 111.68 | <0.001*** |
| Causality | 6 | 68.59 | <0.001*** |
| Social learning | 6 | 20.17 | 0.0026** |
| Theory of mind | 6 | 55.08 | <0.001*** |
Notes.
**
<0.01.
***
<0.001 - significance levels.
Numbers in boldface: Significant deviations from chance level (Wilcoxon tests).