FIGURE 1.

Osteoclast differentiation and identification. Human CD14⁺ monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with RANKL (50 ng/mL) and M‐CSF (25 ng/mL) to induce osteoclasts. A, Representative images of TRAP staining (Scale bar = 40 μm), FITC‐phalloidin staining (Scale bar = 20 μm) and bone resorption assays (Scale bar = 20 μm) in osteoclast differentiation. B, mRNA expression levels of TRAP and CTSK were determined by qPCR. C, Protein levels of TRAP and CTSK were determined by western blot analyses. Values are the mean ± SD of 18 samples per group. The results represent three independent experiments. *P < .05