Table 1.

Human macrophage characteristics depending on their metabolic phenotype (inflammatory versus anti‐inflammatory)

Phenotype	Proinflammatory (M1‐like subtype)	Anti‐inflammatory (M2‐like subtype)
Cell surface markers	CD11c, CD16, CD80, CD86, MHC II	CD163, CD206, CD209
Factors inducing differentiation	IFN‐γ, TNF, LPS, ATP	IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐13, TGF‐β
Metabolic pathways	Aerobic glycolysis, truncated TCA cycle (Itaconate production), fatty acid synthesis	β‐oxidation, oxidative TCA cycle
Secreted factors	IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐23, IL‐27, TNF‐α, CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, CCL5, RNI, ROI, COX2	IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐1RA, TGF‐β, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CCL24, Arg1, COX1, VEGF, PDGF

The listed cell surface markers, factors and metabolic pathways are not exclusively present in only one of these macrophage phenotypes. Since macrophages can switch between phenotypes showing fluent transitions, these characteristics might overlap. However, the characteristics that are shown in this table are more likely to be present in the respective phenotype.

Abbreviations: Arg1: arginase 1; ATP: adenosine thiotriphosphate; CCL: CC‐chemokine ligand; CD: cluster of differentiation; COX: cyclooxygenase; CXCL: chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand; IFN: interferone; IL: interleukin; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; MHC II: major histocompatibility complex class 2; PDGF: platelet‐derived growth factor; RNI: reactive nitrogen intermediates; ROI: reactive oxygen intermediates; TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle; TGF: transforming growth factor; TNF: tumor‐necrosis factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.