Table 2. Comparison of laboratory investigations between the modes of ventilation of COVID-19 patients (n=373).
Descriptive statistics are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Frequencies are presented as n (%), where n=number of subjects/total number of subjects.
* Indicates independent sample t-test; ** indicates chi-square test; † indicates Fisher’s exact test.
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease; TLC, total leukocyte count; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PCT, procalcitonin.
| Laboratory investigation | Invasive ventilation (n=50) | Non-invasive ventilation (n=176) | p-value | Survivors (n=269) | Non-survivors (n=104) | p-value | |
| Hemoglobin | admission | 11.70 ± 2.45 | 12.07 ± 2.28 | 0.315* | 12.29 ± 2.31 | 11.65 ± 2.42 | 0.035* |
| discharge | 10.84 ± 2.14 | 11.75 ± 2.15 | 0.016* | 11.66 ± 2.28 | 11.24 ± 2.22 | 0.176* | |
| TLC | admission | 13.92 ± 7.67 | 11.47 ± 6.70 | 0.044* | 10.03 ± 5.62 | 14.17 ± 7.72 | <0.001* |
| >11 x109/L | n=28/50 (56.0%) | n=68/176 (38.6%) | 0.028** | n=72/264 (27.3%) | n=58/104 (55.8%) | <0.001** | |
| TLC | discharge | 17.34 ± 13.62 | 12.89 ± 7.58 | 0.043* | 9.79 ± 4.07 | 18.70 ± 11.60 | <0.001* |
| >11 x109/L | n=32/44 (72.7%) | n=70/147 (47.6%) | 0.003** | n=51/148 (34.5%) | n=70/88 (79.5%) | <0.001** | |
| Platelets | admission | 238.79 ± 95.23 | 247.13 ± 122.03 | 0.659* | 238.74 ± 120.17 | 236.67 ± 102.39 | 0.886* |
| <150 x109/L | n=7/49 (14.3%) | n=31/172 (18.0%) | 0.757† | n=50/253 (19.8%) | n=19/102 (18.6%) | 0.970** | |
| 150-400 | n=39/49 (79.6%) | n=126/172 (73.3%) | n=186/253 (73.5%) | n=76/102 (74.5%) | |||
| >400 x109/L | n=3/49 (6.1%) | n=15/172 (8.7%) | n=17/253 (6.7%) | n=7/102 (6.9%) | |||
| Platelets | discharge | 220.20 ± 124.93 | 281.86 ± 141.60 | 0.007* | 276.79 ± 130.91 | 231.84 ± 145.43 | 0.020* |
| <150 x109/L | n=12/44 (27.3%) | n=25/144 (17.4%) | 0.009** | n=24/142 (16.9%) | n=25/89 (28.1%) | 0.009** | |
| 150-400 | n=31/44 (70.5%) | n=88/144 (61.1%) | n=90/142 (63.4%) | n=58/89 (65.2%) | |||
| >400 x109/L | n=1/44 (2.3%) | n=31/144 (21.5%) | n=28/142 (19.7%) | n=6/89 (6.7%) | |||
| Neutrophil | admission | 79.70 ± 9.13 | 75.68 ± 13.82 | 0.017* | 72.98 ± 13.42 | 80.00 ± 12.03 | <0.001* |
| >75 % | n=37/50 (74.0%) | n=108/176 (61.4%) | 0.100** | n=109/264 (41.3%) | n=80/104 (76.9%) | <0.001** | |
| Neutrophil | discharge | 78.27 ± 12.41 | 74.40 ± 14.04 | 0.102* | 70.52 ± 13.51 | 81.86 ± 10.34 | <0.001* |
| >75 % | n=29/44 (65.9%) | n=81/146 (55.5%) | 0.219** | n=66/146 (45.2%) | n=72/88 (81.8%) | <0.001** | |
| Lymphocyte | admission | 15.24 ± 8.82 | 17.46 ± 10.90 | 0.188* | 20.15 ± 11.19 | 14.14 ± 9.45 | <0.001* |
| <20 % | n=38/50 (76.0%) | n=125/176 (71.0%) | 0.489** | n=136/264 (51.5%) | n=85/104 (81.7%) | <0.001** | |
| Lymphocyte | discharge | 15.59 ± 11.50 | 18.47 ± 12.16 | 0.165* | 22.15 ± 12.49 | 12.37 ± 8.11 | <0.001* |
| <20 % | n=34/44 (77.3%) | n=98/146 (67.1%) | 0.200** | n=65/146 (44.5%) | n=73/88 (83.0%) | <0.001** | |
| Urea | admission | 59.72 ± 52.33 | 54.64 ± 47.88 | 0.522* | 43.22 ± 42.67 | 69.98 ± 52.08 | <0.001* |
| >49 mg/dL | n=20/49 (40.8%) | n=63/174 (36.2%) | 0.555** | n=51/257 (19.8%) | n=56/103 (54.4%) | <0.001** | |
| Urea | discharge | 129.89 ± 76.10 | 80.08 ± 68.09 | 0.001* | 46.39 ± 37.97 | 138.71 ± 73.83 | <0.001* |
| >49 mg/dL | n=27/36 (75.0%) | n=67/125 (53.6%) | 0.022** | n=39/122 (32.0%) | n=65/76 (85.5%) | <0.001** | |
| Creatinine | admission | 2.12 ± 3.35 | 1.73 ± 2.61 | 0.380* | 1.51 ± 2.65 | 2.19 ± 2.71 | 0.046* |
| >1.3 mg/dL | n=20/50 (40.0%) | n=62/174 (35.6%) | 0.572** | n=57/258 (22.1%) | n=54/104 (51.9%) | 0.001** | |
| Creatinine | discharge | 3.16 ± 2.57 | 2.03 ± 2.12 | 0.019* | 1.33 ± 1.54 | 3.27 ± 2.43 | <0.001* |
| >1.3 mg/dL | n=23/36 (63.9%) | n=54/125 (43.2%) | 0.029** | n=28/122 (23.0%) | n=60/76 (78.9%) | 0.001** | |
| Sodium | admission | 138.78 ± 6.78 | 138.35 ± 7.28 | 0.713* | 138.09 ± 5.44 | 139.25 ± 8.54 | 0.174* |
| >145 mEq/L | n=9/50 (18.0%) | n=12/174 (6.9%) | 0.026† | n=7/255 (2.7%) | n=16/104 (15.4%) | <0.001** | |
| Sodium | discharge | 146.63 ± 6.59 | 142.31 ± 8.37 | 0.002* | 139.15 ± 4.59 | 147.77 ± 9.16 | <0.001* |
| >145 mEq/L | n=20/36 (55.6%) | n=31/124 (25.0%) | 0.001** | n=13/121 (10.7%) | n=46/76 (60.5%) | <0.001** | |
| Potassium | admission | 4.19 ± 1.13 | 4.12 ± 0.85 | 0.671* | 4.19 ± 0.93 | 4.05 ± 0.83 | 0.227* |
| discharge | 4.27 ± 1.21 | 4.02 ± 0.89 | 0.176* | 3.83 ± 0.63 | 4.35 ± 1.23 | 0.001* | |
| Chloride | admission | 102.92 ± 6.97 | 102.55 ± 6.32 | 0.722* | 103.14 ± 5.47 | 102.50 ± 7.23 | 0.408* |
| discharge | 105.58 ± 7.06 | 103.31 ± 7.38 | 0.103* | 101.87 ± 5.40 | 106.59 ± 8.22 | <0.001* | |
| Bicarbonate | admission | 19.58 ± 4.22 | 19.75 ± 4.04 | 0.794* | 20.36 ± 3.51 | 19.04 ± 4.31 | 0.010* |
| discharge | 22.00 ± 6.08 | 21.93 ± 4.65 | 0.946* | 22.85 ± 4.14 | 20.59 ± 5.23 | 0.002* | |
| CRP | admission | 193.70 ± 116.32 | 153.96 ± 120.63 | 0.043* | 125.23 ± 107.72 | 201.51 ± 120.22 | <0.001* |
| >100 mg/L | n=35/47 (74.5%) | n=104/169 (61.5%) | 0.102** | n=94/204 (46.1%) | n=76/98 (77.6%) | <0.001** | |
| CRP | discharge | 93.35 ± 103.55 | 82.43 ± 107.50 | 0.576* | 56.38 ± 84.66 | 129.03 ± 120.00 | <0.001* |
| >50 mg/L | n=17/39 (43.6%) | n=49/128 (38.3%) | 0.553** | n=37/125 (29.6%) | n=43/77 (55.8%) | <0.001** | |
| LDH | admission | 988.67 ± 1930.65 | 602.53 ± 372.77 | 0.022* | 519.36 ± 267.69 | 881.12 ± 1398.56 | 0.019* |
| >400 U/L | n=35/43 (81.4%) | n=103/148 (69.6%) | 0.128** | n=101/178 (56.7%) | n=71/87 (81.6%) | <0.001** | |
| LDH | discharge | 1080.32 ± 1691.70 | 823.69 ± 1204.86 | 0.342* | 482.82 ± 347.10 | 1319.46 ± 1803.44 | 0.001* |
| >400 U/L | n=28/34 (82.4%) | n=66/96 (68.8%) | 0.128** | n=52/97 (53.6%) | n=59/63 (93.7%) | <0.001** | |
| Ferritin | admission | 2816.83 ± 7410.90 | 1508.93 ± 2372.26 | 0.061* | 1177.76 ± 1610.68 | 2451.05 ± 5652.39 | 0.041* |
| >500 ng/mL | n=26/43 (60.5%) | n=106/155 (68.4%) | 0.330** | n=104/185 (56.2%) | n=60/89 (67.4%) | 0.077** | |
| Ferritin | discharge | 2874.63 ± 4060.67 | 2528.16 ± 4945.65 | 0.719* | 1102.14 ± 1452.94 | 4035.69 ± 6143.00 | <0.001* |
| >500 ng/mL | n=25/33 (75.8%) | n=72/92 (78.3%) | 0.767** | n=60/90 (66.7%) | n=54/63 (85.7%) | 0.008** | |
| PCT | admission | 4.33 ± 10.72 | 3.17 ± 11.23 | 0.578* | 1.79 ± 8.93 | 4.81 ± 12.09 | 0.742* |
| >0.5 ng/mL | n=23/39 (59.0%) | n=35/106 (33.0%) | 0.005** | n=22/95 (23.2%) | n=43/78 (55.1%) | <0.001** | |
| PCT | discharge | 13.05 ± 25.08 | 7.90 ± 22.76 | 0.407* | 2.95 ± 12.32 | 14.27 ± 27.73 | 0.078* |
| >0.5 ng/mL | n=16/25 (64.0%) | n=11/36 (30.6%) | 0.010** | n=7/29 (24.1%) | n=22/37 (59.5%) | 0.004** | |
| D-dimer | admission | 9.17 ± 11.99 | 7.09 ± 12.55 | 0.358* | 4.47 ± 8.92 | 11.45 ± 15.89 | <0.001* |
| >1.0 mcg/mL | n=30/40 (75.7%) | n=85/123 (69.1%) | 0.477** | n=76/136 (55.9%) | n=71/83 (85.5%) | <0.001** | |
| D-dimer | discharge | 13.59 ± 18.14 | 7.70 ± 11.77 | 0.036* | 4.10 ± 7.30 | 14.70 ± 16.90 | <0.001* |
| >1.0 mcg/mL | n=31/33 (93.9%) | n=61/93 (65.6%) | 0.002** | n=51/94 (54.3%) | n=57/61 (93.4%) | <0.001** | |