Table 2.

Overview of included studies investigating validity of LPS

	System(s) model (Manufacturer)	System information frequency, technology	Tasks	Reference system	Parameter
Bastida-Castilla et al 201817‡	WIMUPRO (Realtrack systems)	20 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks	Timing gates Trundle wheel	Distance travelled Average speed
Bastida-Castilla et al 201918‡	WIMUPRO (Realtrack systems)	20 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks	Calibration procedures of LPS	Instantaneous dynamic position
Figueira et al 201828	NBN23 (Quuppa)	10 Hz, LPS	Non-linear tasks	Known distance	Distance travelled (relative)
Frencken et al 201029	Inmotio (Inmotio Object tracking)	45 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks	Average position Tape measure Timing gates	Time averaged static position Distance Average speed
Hoppe et al (2018)31‡	Kinexon One (Kinexon Precision Technologies)	20 Hz, LPS	Team sport circuit	Tape measure Trundle wheel Timing gates	Distance travelled Other
Leser at al. 201438	Ubisense (Ubisense)	4.17 Hz, LPS	Game-like situations	Trundle wheel	Distance travelled
Link et al 201939	Inmotio (Inmotio Object tracking) Kinexon (Kinexon Precision Technologies)	100 Hz, LPS 15 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks	Tachymeter Timing gates	Other
Linke et al 201840‡	Inmotio (Inmotio Object tracking)	45 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks Game-like situations	Infrared camera-based motion capture system	Instantaneous dynamic position Instantaneous speed Instantaneous acceleration
Luteberget et al 201812	ClearSky T6 (Catapult Sports)	20 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks	Infrared camera-based motion capture system	Instantaneous dynamic position Distance travelled Average speed Instantaneous speed
Ogris et al 201245	LPM04.59 (Abatec)	45 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks Game-like situations	Infrared camera-based motion capture system	Instantaneous dynamic position Average speed Peak speed
Rhodes et al 201452	Ubisense (Ubisense)	4 Hz, LPS† 8 Hz, LPS† 16 Hz, LPS†	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks	Theodolite Timing gates	Time averaged static position Distance Average speed Peak speed
Sathyan et al 201254	WASP system (Undisclosed)	10 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks	Theodolite Tape measure	Time averaged static position Dynamic position (relative) Distance travelled
Serpiello et al 201855	ClearSky T6 (Catapult Sports)	10 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks	Infrared camera-based motion capture system	Distance travelled Average speed Peak speed Average acceleration Peak acceleration
Siegle et al 201356	Undisclosed	45 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks	Laser gun	Instantaneous dynamic position
Stevens et al 201457	Inmotio (Inmotio Object Tracking)	45 Hz, LPS	Linear tasks Non-linear tasks	Infrared camera-based motion capture system	Distance travelled Average speed Peak speed Average acceleration Peak acceleration

†Same unit used with different sampling frequency.

‡Studies investigating both GNSS/GPS and LPS.