Table 1.
Sample Description and Bivariate Associations With Overall Vaccine Intent (n = 3,159).
| Variable | n (%) orM (SD) | aIntention to get COVID-19 Vaccine: Means for categorical variables and correlations for continuous variables | Bivariate associations |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bB [95% CI] | Partial η2 | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age | 46.9 (16.8) | .28 | 0.03 [0.03, 0.04] | 0.076 |
| Region | 0.002 | |||
| Northeast | 644 (20.6) | 5.44 | 0.09 [−0.12, 0.29] | 0.000 |
| Southeast | 797 (25.5) | 5.38 | 0.03 [−0.16, 0.22] | 0.000 |
| Midwest | 686 (21.9) | 5.41 | 0.06 [−0.14, 0.26] | 0.000 |
| Southwest | 346 (11.1) | 5.15 | −0.20 [−0.44, 0.05] | 0.001 |
| West | 657 (21.0) | 5.35 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Sex | 0.002 | |||
| Male | 1497 (47.2) | 5.45 | 0.17 [0.04, 0.30] | 0.02 |
| Female | 1,657 (52.8) | 5.28 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.034 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2,039 (65.1) | 5.59 | 0.57 [0.33, 0.81] | 0.007 |
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | 457 (14.6) | 4.66 | −0.36 [−0.64, −0.08] | 0.002 |
| Hispanic | 382 (12.2) | 5.16 | 0.13 [−0.16, 0.43] | 0.000 |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 254 (8.1) | 5.03 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Relationship status | 0.011 | |||
| Partnered | 1,792 (57.2) | 5.54 | 0.40 [0.27, 0.54] | 0.011 |
| Not partnered | 1,341 (42.8) | 5.13 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Children living in home | 0.008 | |||
| No | 2,292 (74.5) | 5.48 | 0.39 [0.24, 0.54] | 0.008 |
| Yes | 785 (25.5) | 5.09 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Education | 0.038 | |||
| Less than high school graduate, HS graduate, GED | 725 (23.2) | 4.77 | −0.98 [−1.19, −0.78] | 0.028 |
| Some college/Associate’s degree | 899 (28.8) | 5.31 | −0.44 [−0.64, −0.25] | 0.006 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 923 (29.6) | 5.65 | −0.11 [−0.31, 0.08] | 0.000 |
| Graduate school | 572 (18.3) | 5.76 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Currently employed | 0.020 | |||
| Yes, full-time (35+ hours per week) | 983 (31.4) | 5.31 | −0.43 [−1.03, 0.17] | 0.001 |
| Yes, part-time | 439 (14.0) | 5.19 | −0.55 [−1.16, 0.58] | 0.001 |
| Yes, furloughed with pay | 75 (2.4) | 4.52 | −1.22 [−1.94, −0.50] | 0.004 |
| Yes, furloughed without pay | 176 (5.6) | 5.58 | −0.17 (−0.81, 0.48] | 0.000 |
| No, looking for work | 348 (11.1) | 4.95 | −0.79 [−1.41, −0.18] | 0.002 |
| No, not looking for work | 1074 (34.3) | 5.63 | −0.11 [−0.71, 0.49] | 0.000 |
| Other | 39 (1.2) | 5.74 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Work in health care | 0.017 | |||
| Currently employed in health care | 376 (12.2) | 4.87 | −0.65 [−0.86, −0.45] | 0.013 |
| Not currently but in the past | 453 (14.7) | 5.06 | −0.46 [−0.65, −0.27] | 0.007 |
| Never | 2260 (73.2) | 5.52 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Household income (2019) | 0.026 | |||
| Less than $25,000 | 985 (32.0) | 5.00 | −0.86 [−1.10, −0.63] | 0.016 |
| $25,000-$74,999 | 959 (31.2) | 5.35 | −0.52 [−0.75, −0.28] | 0.006 |
| $75,000-$149,999 | 821 (26.7) | 5.67 | −0.20 [−0.44, 0.05] | 0.001 |
| $150,000 or more | 310 (10.1) | 5.86 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Political views | 0.008 | |||
| Liberal | 911 (30.7) | 5.65 | 0.41 [0.24, 0.58] | 0.007 |
| Moderate | 11727 (39.5) | 5.36 | 0.12 [−0.04, 0.28] | 0.001 |
| Conservative | 882 (29.7) | 5.24 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Health care characteristics | ||||
| Received a flu vaccine, 12 months | 0.121 | |||
| Yes | 1,625 (51.7) | 5.99 | 1.31 [1.18, 1.43] | 0.121 |
| No | 1,520 (48.3) | 4.69 | ||
| Ever received a COVID test | 0.008 | |||
| Yes | 229 (7.3) | 4.77 | −0.64 [−0.89, −0.39] | 0.08 |
| Result of test | ||||
| Positive: 21 (0.7) | ||||
| Negative: 175 (5.6) | ||||
| Still waiting on results: 29 (0.9) | ||||
| No | 2,890 (92.7) | 5.41 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Preexisting condition that makes COVID-19 more severe | 0.016 | |||
| Yes | 1,012 (32.3) | 5.71 | 0.51 [0.37, 0.65] | 0.016 |
| No | 2,121 (67.7) | 5.20 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Knows someone who had COVID-19 | 0.002 | |||
| Yes, I know someone who had a positive test | 706 (22.5) | 5.50 | 0.15 [−0.001, 0.31] | 0.001 |
| I believe so; they were sick but unable to get tested/awaiting results | 273 (8.7) | 5.16 | −0.19 [−0.43, 0.05] | 0.001 |
| No, I do not know anyone who has been sick with COVID-19 | 2,152 (68.7) | 5.35 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Health belief variables | ||||
| High commitment altruism (5 items; range: 1-5) | 2.46 (0.91) | .07 | 0.15 [0.07, 0.22] | 0.005 |
| Low commitment altruism (4 items; range: 1-5) | 3.37 (0.92) | .28 | 0.57 [0.50, 0.63]) | 0.076 |
| Mean perceived severity of COVID-19 (4 items, range: 1-5) | 3.02 (0.88) | .23 | 0.49 [0.42, 0.56] | 0.052 |
| Mean COVID-19-related worry (3 items; range: 1 5) | 3.47 (1.08) | .40 | 0.70 [0.64, 0.75] | 0.162 |
| Likelihood of infection (1 = not at all; 5 = extremely) | 2.33 (1.03) | .23 | 0.42 [0.36, 0.49] | 0.053 |
| Threat to physical health (1 = not at all; 5 = extremely) | 3.06 (1.23) | .29 | 0.45 [0.39, 0.50] | 0.085 |
| Believe COVID-19 is major problem in community | 0.042 | |||
| Yes | 1,757 (56.3) | 5.71 | 0.78 [0.65, 0.91] | 0.042 |
| No | 1,364 (43.7) | 4.93 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Mean likelihood of getting SARS-CoV-2 vaccine without provider recommendation | 5.24 (2.0) | |||
| Mean likelihood of getting SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with provider recommendation | 5.48 (1.93) | |||
| Overall mean likelihood of getting SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (combined score) | 5.36 (1.88) | |||
Note. N = 3,159. Ref. = reference group.
a
Overall vaccine intention measure; mean scores for each categorical variable or correlations presented for continuous variables. bCoefficients that are significant atp < .05 are in boldface.