Table 3.
Multivariable Stepwise Linear Regression.
| Variable | Step 1:
Demographicvariables |
Step 2: Including health care
variables |
Step 3: Including health belief
variables |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B [95% CI] | Partial η2 | B [95% CI] | Partial η2 | B [95% CI] | Partial η2 | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 0.02 [0.02, 0.03] | 0.024 | 0.02 [0.01, 0.02] | 0.012 | 0.01 [0.01, 0.02] | 0.008 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.36 [0.11, 0.62] | 0.003 | 0.43 [0.19, 0.67] | 0.005 | 0.34 [0.11, 0.57] | 0.003 |
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | −0.15 [−0.44, 0.15] | 0.000 | −0.03 [−0.32, 0.25] | 0.000 | −0.09 [−0.36, 0.18] | 0.000 |
| Hispanic | 0.29 [−0.02, 0.59] | 0.001 | 0.35 [0.05, 0.64] | 0.002 | 0.20 [−0.08, 0.48] | 0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Other | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Relationship status | ||||||
| Partnered | 0.06 [−0.09, 0.21] | 0.000 | 0.04 [−0.11, 0.18] | 0.000 | −0.03 [−0.16, 0.11] | 0.000 |
| Not partnered | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Children living in home | ||||||
| No | 0.06 [−0.10, 0.23] | 0.00 | 0.04 [−0.12, 0.20] | 0.000 | 0.09 [−0.07, 0.24] | 0.000 |
| Yes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school graduate, high school graduate, GED | −0.76 [−0.99, −0.53] | 0.015 | −0.62 [−0.84, −0.40] | 0.011 | −0.52 [−0.73, −0.31] | 0.009 |
| Some college/Associate’s degree | −0.40 [−0.61, −0.19] | 0.005 | −0.31 [−0.51, −0.11] | 0.004 | −0.23 [−0.42, −0.04] | 0.002 |
| Bachelor’s degree | −0.14 [−0.34, 0.05] | 0.001 | −0.07 [−0.26, 0.11] | 0.000 | −0.09 [−0.26, 0.09] | 0.000 |
| Graduate school | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Currently employed | ||||||
| Yes, full-time (35+ hours per week) | −0.78 [−1.42, −0.14] | 0.015 | −0.47 [−1.09, 0.15] | 0.001 | −0.23 [−0.82, 0.36] | 0.000 |
| Yes, part-time | −0.49 [−1.14, 0.16] | 0.001 | −0.13 [−0.76, 0.50] | 0.000 | 0.08 [−0.52, 0.68] | 0.000 |
| Yes, furloughed with pay | −1.18 [−1.94, −0.42] | 0.003 | −0.68 [−1.43, 0.06] | 0.001 | −0.44 [−1.15, 0.27] | 0.001 |
| Yes, furloughed without pay | −0.41 [−1.09, 0.28] | 0.001 | −0.09 [−0.75, 0.57] | 0.000 | −0.05 [−0.68, 0.57] | 0.000 |
| No, looking for work | −0.58 [−1.24, 0.08] | 0.001 | −0.28 [−0.92, 0.36] | 0.000 | −0.05 [−0.66, 0.56] | 0.000 |
| No, not looking for work | −0.55 [−1.18, 0.09] | 0.001 | −0.39 [−1.01, −0.22] | 0.001 | −0.15 [−0.83, 0.44] | 0.000 |
| Other | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Work in health care | ||||||
| Currently employed in health care | −0.36 [−0.58, −0.14] | 0.004 | −0.45 [−0.67, −0.24] | 0.006 | −0.36 [−0.56, −0.15] | 0.004 |
| Not currently but in the past | −0.30 [−0.49, −0.11] | 0.003 | −0.33 [−0.51, −0.14] | 0.005 | −0.27 [−0.44, −0.09] | 0.003 |
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Household income (2019) | ||||||
| Less than $25,000 | −0.51 [−0.78, −0.24 | 0.005 | −0.40 [−0.66, −0.14] | 0.003 | −0.31 [−0.56, −0.06] | 0.002 |
| $25,000-$74,999 | −0.25 [−0.50, −0.01] | 0.002 | −0.20 [−0.43, 0.04] | 0.001 | −0.20 [−0.42, 0.03] | 0.001 |
| $75,000-$149,999 | −0.13 [−0.37, 0.10] | 0.000 | −0.10 [−0.33, 0.13] | 0.000 | −0.07 [−0.28, 0.15] | 0.000 |
| $150,000 or more | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Political views | ||||||
| Liberal | 0.67 [0.50, 0.84] | 0.021 | 0.61 [0.45, 0.78] | 0.020 | 0.27 [0.11, 0.43] | 0.004 |
| Moderate | 0.25 [0.09, 0.41] | 0.004 | 0.24 [0.09, 0.39] | 0.004 | 0.10 [−0.04, 0.25] | 0.001 |
| Conservative | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Health care characteristics | ||||||
| Received a flu vaccine, 12 months | ||||||
| Yes | 1.09 [0.96, 1.22] | 0.091 | 0.90 [0.77, 1.02] | 0.071 | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Ever received a COVID-19 test | ||||||
| Yes | −0.41 [−0.67, −0.15] | 0.004 | −0.24 [−0.49, 0.01] | 0.001 | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Preexisting condition that makes COVID-19 more severe | ||||||
| Yes | 0.25 [0.11, 0.38] | 0.005 | −0.10 [−0.25, 0.05] | 0.001 | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Health belief variables | ||||||
| High commitment altruism (5 items; range: 1-5) | −0.04 [−0.12, 0.05] | 0.000 | ||||
| Low commitment altruism (4 items; range: 1-5) | 0.19 [0.11, 0.28] | 0.007 | ||||
| Mean perceived severity of COVID (4 items, range:1 -5) | −0.07 [−0.17, 0.03] | 0.001 | ||||
| Mean COVID-19-related worry (3 items; range: 1-5) | 0.43 [0.36, 0.51] | 0.047 | ||||
| Likelihood of infection (1 = not at all; 5 = extremely) | 0.07 [0.00, 0.14] | 0.002 | ||||
| Threat to physical health (1 = not at all; 5 = extremely) | 0.11 [0.04, 0.18] | 0.004 | ||||
| Believe COVID-19 is major problem in community | ||||||
| Yes | 0.21 [0.08, 0.35] | 0.004 | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Note. Step 1 R2 = .143 (adjusted = .136); Step 2 R2= .227 (adjusted = .220); Step 3 R2= 0.327 (adjusted = .318). Backward selection with p < .01 to stay. Removed partnership status (p = .702), high-commitment altruism (p = .392) children living in home (p = .205), preexisting condition (A1.04, p = .219), likelihood of infection (A1.02, p = .055), severity (p = .080), employment status (p = .033), income (p = .076), received a test to check for COVID-19 (A1.05, p = .019). The final model has an R2 = .320 (adjusted = .316). Not significant at .01 in bivariate comparisons: region (p = .207), knows someone who’s had COVID-19 (p = .028), and sex (p = .013). Ref. = reference group. Boldface type indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).