Fig. 2.

Altered trace aminergic homeostasis as a potential aetiological factor in IBS pathogenesis. The predominant risk factor promoting altered trace aminergic signalling in the GIT is functional microbial dysbiosis, which varies TA load. This altered signalling is gender dependent, and results in functional consequences, which manifest as clinical IBS symptoms. TA trace amine, TAAR trace amine associated receptor, IgE immunoglobulin E, IL-4 interleukin 4, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, PYY peptide tyrosine tyrosine, HPA hypothalamic pituitary axis, 5-HT serotonin, ENS enteric nervous system, GI gastrointestinal, PMN polymorphonuclear cells