Table 1.
Metagenomics approach adopted to decipher plastisphere microbiome.
| Platic Types |
Metagenomics
Approaches |
Abundant Microbes | Ecosystem (Location) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PE | Metataxononmics (V4-V6 16S rRNA sequencing) | Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Rhodobacteraceae, Methylophilaceae (Methylotenera), Planctomycetaceae (Planctomyces,Pirellula), Hyphomonadaceae (Hyphomonas), Planctomycetaceae (Blastopirellula), Erythrobacteraceae (Erythrobacter), Sphingomonadaceae (Sphingopyxis) | North Atlantic and North Adriatic Sea (Sea floor) | [25, 120] |
| Metataxononmics (V4 18S rRNA sequencing) | Zalerion maritimum | Marine | [121] | |
| Metataxononmics (16S rRNA sequencing) | Cyanobacteria (Phormidium, Rivularia) | Sub-surface plastisphere | [26, 122] | |
| PS | Metataxononmics (V4-V6and V9 16S rRNA sequencing) | Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Rhodobacteraceae, Methylophilaceae (Methylotenera), Planctomycetaceae (Planctomyces, Pirellula), Hyphomonadaceae (Hyphomonas), Erythrobacteraceae (Erythrobacter), Sphingopyxis (Sphingomonadacea), Verrucomicrobiaceae, Nocardiaceae (Rhodococcus), Pseudomonadaceae (Pseudomonas sp.) | North Atlantic and North Adriatic (Sea surface) | [25, 123] |
| Metataxononmics (V4 16S rRNA sequencing) | Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Rhodobacteraceae, Methylophilaceae (Methylotenera), Planctomycetaceae (Planctomyces,), Hyphomonadaceae (Hyphomonas), Erythrobacteraceae (Erythrobacter), Sphingopyxis (Sphingomonadacea), Nocardiaceae (Rhodococcus), Pseudomonadaceae (Pseudomonas sp.) | Deep seawater of Tottori Prefecture | [120, 124] | |
| Metataxononmics (V4 16S rRNA sequencing) | Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Rhodobacteraceae, Methylophilaceae (Methylotenera), Planctomycetaceae (Planctomyces, Pirellula), Hyphomonadaceae (Hyphomonas), Erythrobacteraceae (Erythrobacter),Sphingopyxis (Sphingomonadacea), Verrucomicrobiaceae, Nocardiaceae (Rhodococcus), Pseudomonadaceae (Pseudomonas sp.) | Off-shore in Toyama bay | [47, 80] | |
| Metataxononmics (V4-V6 16S rRNA sequencing) | Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Rhodobacteraceae, Methylophilaceae (Methylotenera), Planctomycetaceae (Planctomyces,), Hyphomonadaceae (Hyphomonas), Erythrobacteraceae (Erythrobacter), Sphingopyxis (Sphingomonadacea), Nocardiaceae (Rhodococcus), Pseudomonadaceae (Pseudomonas sp.) | Deep-sea sediment (Kurile and Japan trenches) | [47, 80] | |
| HDPE | Metagenomics sequencing | Peregrinibacteria, Cellvibrionaceae, Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Flammeovirgaceace, Hyphomonadaceae, Granulosicoccaceae, Nannocystaceae, Oceanospiralliceae, Parvularculaceae, Phycisphaeraceae, Phyllobacteriaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Rhodospirillaceae (Thalassospira) | Plastic marine debris (North Pacific Subtropical Gyre) | [47, 64] |
| Metataxononmics (V3-V516S rRNA sequencing) | Peregrinibacteria, Cellvibrionaceae, Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Flammeovirgaceace, Hyphomonadaceae, Granulosicoccaceae, Nannocystaceae, Oceanospiralliceae, Parvularculaceae, Phycisphaeraceae, Phyllobacteriaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Rhodospirillaceae (Thalassospira) | Sea surface (Mediterranean Sea) | [47, 65] | |
| LDPE | Metataxononmics (V4 16S rRNA sequencing) | Peregrinibacteria, Cellvibrionaceae, Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Vibrionaceae (Vibrio), Planctomycetes (Planctomyces, Pirellula), Alteromonadaceae (Marinobacter, Alteromonas), Rhodobacteraceae, Rhodospirillaceae (Thalassospira), Enterobacteriaceae (Rahnella aquatilis), Alcanivoracaceae (Alcanivorax borkumensis) | Marine (benthic zone) |
[77, 122, 124] |
| Platic Types |
Metagenomics Approaches |
Abundant Microbes | Ecosystem (Location) | References |
| PP | Metataxononmics (V4 16S rRNA sequencing) | Peregrinibacteria, Bacteroidetes (Chlorobia), Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Idiomarinaceae, Flammeovirgaceace, Hyphomonadaceae, Granulosicoccaceae, Oceanospiralliceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Parvularculaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae | Coastal marine zone | [65, 119] |
| Metataxononmics (16S rRNA sequencing) | Bacteroidetes (Chlorobia), Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Idiomarinaceae, Flammeovirgaceace, Hyphomonadaceae, Granulosicoccaceae, Oceanospiralliceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Parvularculaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae | Open ocean | [47, 64] | |
| PET | Metagenomics (shotgun sequencing) | Peregrinibacteria, Cellvibrionaceae, Alteromonadaceae (Marinobacter), Hyphomonadaceae, Granulosicoccaceae, Parvularculaceae, Phycisphaeraceae, Salinisphaeraceae, Sneathiellaceae (Sneathiella), Planctomycetes, Acidimicrobiales, Rhodobacteraceae, Rhodospirillaceae, Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Commonadaceae (Ideonella sakaiensis), Nocardiosporaceae (Thermobifida fusca) | Coastal marine zone | [38, 47, 80] |
| PLA | Metataxononmics (V416S rRNA sequencing) | Peregrinibacteria, Caulobacteraceae, Alphaprotobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria, Camphylobacteraceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Hyphomonadaceae, Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Alteromonadaceae(Marinobacter), Flammeovirgaceace, Phycisphaeraceae, Planctomycetes, Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Rhizobiales, Spongiibacteraceae, Salinispharaceae | Ocean | [51, 122] |
| PVC | Metataxononmics (16S rRNA sequencing) | Peregrinibacteria, Bacteroidetes, Alphigiphilaceae, Flammeovirgaceace, Hyphomonadaceae,Caulobacteraceae, Sneathiellaceae, Oceanospiralliceae, Phycisphaeraceae, Phyllobacteriaceae, Alpigiphilaceae, Idiomarinaceae, Alcanivoraceae, Planctomycetes, Flavobacteriaceae (Flavobacterium), Idiomarinaceae | Cold marine habitat (sea surface) |
[47, 124] |
Flexithrix, Hirschia, Parvularcula, Phyllobactereacea, Roseovarius, Ulvibacter have some specific association the different types of plastics and play significant, but an undefined role in decomposition [50, 51, 54]. This specific association of microbiome with different plastic types is also reported by many other researchers. The members of the family Alcanivocareacea (Alcanivorax), Cryomophaceaea, Erythrobacter show higher abundance on the surface of Polyethylene (PE), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) [50, 53]. Similarly, members of the family Oleiphilaceae (Oleiphilus) and Arenicellaceae are dominating on PE, and polypropylene (PP) [53, 59], whereas Bacteriodetes (Crocinitomix, Owenweeksia, Fluviicola, Tenacibaculum), Gammaproteobacteria (Acinetobacter), and Verrucomicrobia (Persicirhabdus) are directly associated with PET and PP degradation [50, 60], The members of Hyphomonadaceae and Erythrobacteraceae form biofilm on PE and Polystyrene (PS) surfaces [54], whereas, the members of Alteromonadaceae (Alteromonas), Cellvibrionaceae, Oceanospirillaceae are highly specific for PVC [53].