TABLE 3.

Participant outcomes in comparison to normative means

Measure	Mean ± SD	Range	≤16th percentile	17–84th percentile	≥85th percentile	tb	P	Effect sizeb
n (%)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)c n = 62
Verbal Comprehension Index	90.60 ± 11.41	65–124	20 (32.3)	40 (64.5)	2 (3.2)	−6.49*	<0.001	0.82
Perceptual Reasoning Index	96.35 ± 13.12	69–123	13(21.0)	44 (70.9)	5 (8.1)	−2.19*	0.033	0.28
Working Memory Index	87.53 ± 10.25	68–116	23(37.1)	38 (61.3)	1 (1.6)	−9.58*	<0.001	1.22
Processing Speed Index	94.55 ± 12.73	62–126	18 (29.0)	41 (66.1)	3 (4.8)	−3.34*	0.001	0.43
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition (WIAT-III)c n = 59
Reading Comprehension	95.02 ± 10.78	69–118	10(17.5)	45 (78.9)	2 (3.5)	−3.49*	0.001	0.46
Numerical Operations	98.54 ± 13.49	67–129	10(16.9)	43 (72.9)	6(10.2)	−0.08	0.410	0.11
Woodcock-Munoz Language Survey-Revised (WMLS-R)d n = 57
Broad English CALP	3.64 ± 0.65	2–5	3(5.2)	47 (82.5)	7 (12.3)	1.61	0.113	0.21
Conner's Continuous Performance Test (CPT-3)e n = 27
Omissions	51.85 ± 9.58	42–79	0	21 (77.8)	6(22.2)	1.01	0.324	0.19
Commissions	46.78 ± 6.70	35–57	7(25.9)	20 (74.1)	0	−2.50*	0.019	0.48
Hit Reaction Time	51.89 ± 9.17	37–79	3 (11.1)	19 (70.4)	5 (18.5)	1.07	0.294	0.21
Variability	50.85 ± 12.28	38–87	3(11.1)	20 (74.1)	4(14.8)	0.36	0.722	0.07
Preservations	49.30 ± 6.50	44–70	0	25 (92.6)	2 (7.4)	−0.56	0.578	0.11
Hit Reaction Time Block Change	54.63 ± 12.85	20–87	1 (3.7)	18 (66.7)	8 (29.6)	1.87	0.072	0.36
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)f n = 50–52
Color Word Inhibition	10.08 ± 2.20	5–15	6(11.5)	40 (77.0)	6(11.5)	0.25	0.802	0.03
Color Word Inhibition-Switching	9.90 ± 2.63	1–13	8 (15.7)	34 (66.7)	9 (17.6)	−0.27	0.791	0.04
Trails Letter-Number Switching	8.54 ± 3.29	1–13	15 (30.0)	31 (62.0)	4 (8.0)	−3.14*	0.003	0.44
The California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C)g n = 58
Trial 1	0.04 ± 1.05	−2.0 to 3.0	11 (19.0)	32 (55.2)	15 (25.8)	0.31	0.755	0.04
Trial 5	−0.26 ± 1.09	−3.5 to 2.0	20 (34.5)	26 (44.8)	12 (20.7)	−1.81	0.076	0.24
Short Delay Free Recall	0.02 ± 0.84	−2.0 to 2.0	8(13.8)	38 (65.5)	12 (20.7)	0.16	0.876	0.02
Short Delay Cued Recall	0 ± 0.82	−2.0 to 1.5	9(15.5)	35 (60.3)	14(24.1)	0	1.000	0
Long Delay Free Recall	0.21 ± 0.80	−2.5 to 1.5	5 (8.6)	38 (65.5)	15 (25.8)	1.97	0.054	0.26
Long Delay Cued Recall	0.09 ± 0.80	−2.0 to 2.0	6(10.3)	39 (67.2)	13(22.4)	0.90	0.372	0.12
Discriminability	0.03 ± 0.77	−3.0 to 1.5	7(12.1)	45 (77.6)	6(10.3)	0.26	0.799	0.03
NEPSY-Second Edition (NEPSY-II)f n = 57–59
Memory for Designs	8.44 ± 2.78	3–15	22 (38.6)	31 (54.4)	4(7.0)	−4.23*		0.56
Memory for Designs Delayed	9.44 ± 3.00	3–18	14 (24.6)	34 (59.6)	9 (15.8)	−1.42	0.162	0.19
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) Parent Reporte n = 61–62
Behavioral Regulation Index	48.81 ± 9.15	36–80	10(16.1)	43 (69.4)	9 (14.5)	−1.03	0.308	0.13
Working Memory Scale	56.55 ± 11.86	38–85	4(6.5)	36(58.1)	22 (35.5)	4.35*	<0.001	0.55
Metacognition Index	53.51 ± 10.85	35–85	7 (11.5)	38 (62.3)	16(26.2)	2.53*	0.014	0.32
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) Teacher Reporte n = 35
Behavioral Regulation Index	47.74 ± 8.04	41–83	3 (8.6)	21 (60.0)	11 (31.4)	−1.66	0.106	0.28
Working Memory Scale	54.86 ± 14.22	38–96	2 (5.7)	24 (68.6)	9(25.7)	2.02	0.051	0.34
Metacognition Index	53.26 ± 11.76	37–80	2 (5.7)	24 (68.6)	9 (25.7)	1.64	0.110	0.28
Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) Parent Reporte n = 61
Attention Problems	51.08 ± 10.23	35–75	12 (19.7)	33(54.1)	16(26.2)	0.83	0.412	0.11
Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) Teacher Reporte n = 36
Attention Problems	48.06 ± 9.46	37–69	11 (30.6)	19(52.8)	6 (16.7)	−1.23	0.226	0.21

^aOne-sample t-test comparing survivors to normative means.

^bCohen’s d.

^cMean = 100, SD = 15.

^dMean = 3.5, SD = 0.5.

^eMean = 50, SD = 10.

^fMean = 10, SD = 3.

^gMean = 0, SD = 1.

^*P < 0.05.