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. 2020 Jul 21;24(18):10311–10321. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.15640

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

In vivo topical application of curcumin inhibits acidic bile‐induced activation of NF‐kB. A, IHC analysis for p‐NF‐κB (p65 S536) (from left to right): control untreated HM, showing cytoplasmic staining; saline‐DMSO–treated HM, incorporating sporadic and weak cytoplasmic or nuclear staining in a few basal cells; acidic bile‐treated HM, inducing intense nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of basal and parabasal/suprabasal layers; Pre‐Cur: pre‐application of curcumin + acidic bile‐treated HM, showing weak nuclear or cytoplasmic staining of cells of basal or suprabasal layers; Co‐Cur: co‐application of curcumin + acidic bile‐treated HM, demonstrating cytoplasmic staining of cells of basal layer and weak nuclear or cytoplasmic staining of sporadic cells of suprabasal layers; and Post‐Cur: acidic bile‐treated HM + post‐application of curcumin, demonstrating nuclear or cytoplasmic staining mainly of cells of basal layer and a weak nuclear or cytoplasmic staining of few cells in suprabasal layers. Images were captured using Aperio CS2 and analysed by Image Scope software (Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA). B, Nuclear positivity of p‐NF‐κB (p65 S536) in murine HM (P values by t test; multiple comparisons by Holm‐Sidak; GraphPad Prism 7.0; GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) (positivity = nuclear‐positive p‐p65 staining/total number of nuclei). Acidic bile (pH 3.0) induces significantly higher positive nuclear p‐NF‐κB (p65 S536) levels compared to saline‐DMSO–treated HM or untreated control. Topical pre‐, post‐ or co‐application of curcumin significantly decreases nuclear p‐NF‐κB levels in acidic bile (pH 3.0) HM (P values by t test; multiple comparisons by Holm‐Sidak; GraphPad Prism 6.0)