TABLE 1.

Baseline Characteristics of Both Groups

Characteristic	Nonmental Disorder % or Mean (SD) (n = 559)	Mental Disorder % or Mean (SD) (n = 255)	${\chi }_{\left(df\right)}^2$/t(df)a	p Value
Age	73.7 (6.7)	77.2 (7.5)	6.48(448)	<0.0001
Age group			45.07(7)	<0.0001
65–69	32.9	18.9
70–74	24.8	18.1
75–79	22.3	24.1
80–84	12.7	19.6
85–89	4.7	14.1
90–94	2.5	4.1
95–99	0.2	0.7
100–104	0	0.4
Sex: female	48	57.3	5.49(1)	0.0192
Medical history: General
Chronic liver disease	6.1	7.5	0.34(1)	0.5613
Chronic obstructive lung disease	6.6	11.8	5.48(1)	0.0193
Diabetes mellitus	29.3	41.2	10.56(1)	0.0012
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	29.5	34.9	2.12(1)	0.1453
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage	2.3	2.7	0.01(1)	0.9088
Human immunodeficiency virus infection	0.4	0	0.04(1)	0.8468
Hyperlipidemia	53.7	61.2	3.71(1)	0.0541
Hypertensive disorder	56.7	72.5	17.93(1)	<0.0001
Lesion of liver	4.1	5.5	0.48(1)	0.4886
Osteoarthritis	16.6	23.9	5.59(1)	0.018
Pneumonia	32	36.1	1.12(1)	0.2896
Psoriasis	0.4	0.8	0.07(1)	0.7896
Renal impairment	15.4	14.9	0.01(1)	0.9421
Rheumatoid arthritis	2.3	4.3	1.77(1)	0.1829
Ulcerative colitis	0.2	0.4	0.00(1)	1.0000
Urinary tract infectious disease	6.3	11.4	5.63(1)	0.0177
Viral hepatitis C	1.3	1.6	0.00(1)	0.9718
Visual system disorder	42	41.2	0.02(1)	0.8769
Medical history: Psychiatric illness
Acute stress disorder		0.8
Anxiety disorder		41.2
Bipolar disorder		14.5
Dementia		51.8
Depressive disorder		45.9
Insomnia		19.2
Organic mental disorder		54.5
Panic disorder		9.4
Psychoactive substance dependence		0.8
Psychoactive substance use disorder		1.6
Psychoactive substance-induced organic mental disorder		1.2
Psychosomatic factor in physical condition		1.6
Psychotic disorder		12.5
Schizophrenia		8.2
Medical history: Neoplasms
Hematologic neoplasm	1.6	1.2	0.03(1)	0.8709
Malignant lymphoma	1.1	1.2	0.00(1)	1.0000
Malignant neoplasm of anorectum	19	17.3	0.24(1)	0.6274
Malignant neoplastic disease	0.7	0.8	0.00(1)	1.0000
Malignant tumor of breast	1.4	3.1	1.83(1)	0.1757
Malignant tumor of colon	1.6	2.0	0.00(1)	0.9471
Malignant tumor of lung	1.6	1.6	0.00(1)	1.0000
Malignant tumor of urinary bladder	3.9	2.4	0.89(1)	0.3463
Medication use: General
Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system	31.1	36.1	1.73(1)	0.1880
Antibacterials for systemic use	68.9	68.2	0.01(1)	0.9200
Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products	47.9	49.4	0.10(1)	0.7540
Antineoplastic agents	2.1	2.0	0.00(1)	1.0000
Antipsoriatics	1.4	2.0	0.07(1)	0.7966
Antithrombotic agents	41	51.0	6.72(1)	0.0095
Beta blocking agents	13.4	16.9	1.41(1)	0.2349
Calcium channel blockers	30.1	36.9	3.41(1)	0.0646
Diuretics	19.7	25.9	3.62(1)	0.0571
Drugs for acid related disorders	57.8	71.0	12.38(1)	<0.0001
Drugs for obstructive airway diseases	20.9	22.4	0.13(1)	0.7136
Drugs used in diabetes	24.2	23.9	0.00(1)	1.0000
Immunosuppressants	2.5	2.7	0.00(1)	1.0000
Lipid modifying agents	37	43.5	2.84(1)	0.0919
Opioids	61.2	62.4	0.06(1)	0.8094
Medication use: Psychiatry
Antidepressants	3.9	31.0	115.38(1)	<0.0001
Antipsychotics	1.8	15.7	56.28(1)	<0.0001
Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics	7.0	7.8	0.09(1)	0.7669
Anxiolytics	12.5	31.8	41.65(1)	<0.0001
Symptoms
Nausea and vomiting	22.5	38.0	20.38(1)	<0.0001
Fever	34.7	43.1	4.97(1)	0.0258
Cough	37.9	42.7	1.51(1)	0.2195
Muscle pain	70.3	70.2	0.00(1)	1.0000
Risk scores
CCI	5.2 (3.4)	7.4 (3.7)	7.78(466.78)	<0.0001
CHA₂DS₂-VASc	3.8 (1.6)	4.9 (1.6)	8.39(499.76)	<0.0001
DCSI	3.2 (2.1)	4.4 (2.2)	6.96(476.65)	<0.0001

Notes:Bold type indicates statistical significance. CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; DCSI: Diabetes Complication Severity Index.

^aχ² tests & t-tests were performed.