Figure 4.

C. innocuum Translocation Promotes MAT Expansion and Attenuated Systemic Dissemination of Bacterial LPS

(A) Gut barrier gene expression measured by qRT-PCR in CD, UC, and H MUC. Data below the dotted line represent downregulation of target genes compared to H MUC (H MUC, n = 4; CD, n = 10; UC, n = 8).

(B) Plasma LBP and soluble CD14 from the same CD and UC as in (A). Healthy samples are a combination of H patients in (A) (open symbols) and ten additional healthy blood donors (H, n = 14; CD, n = 14; UC, n = 11).

(C) Representative images of ileal-mesenteric region in ASF gnotobiotic mice gavaged with the following: PBS (left), live C. innocuum (middle), and live C. innocuum + DSS (right). Black arrow points to the MAT.

(D) Gnotobiotic mice body weight change compared to baseline. Untreated, n = 3; C. innocuum alone, n = 2; C. innocuum + DSS, n = 2.

(E) Colon lengths.

(F) Translocated bacteria recovered from MAT of mice from (C). Arrows indicate distinct bacterial species (representative isolates; yellow, ASF; blue, C. innocuum).

(G) qRT-PCR of adipogenesis and ECM markers in gnotobiotic MAT.

(H) Endpoint plasma LBP in gnotobiotic mice.

Error bars ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. ^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001; ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ^#p < 0.05 compared to untreated and C. innocuum + DSS; ⁺p < 0.05 compared to untreated. See also Figure S3.