Table 2. Univariate and multivariate cox proportional hazards analysis of clinicopathological variables and hypoxia signature based on overall survival (OS) in the TCGA GBM training cohort and CGGA GBM validation cohort.
| OS Prediction Model Variables | TCGA training cohort (N=151) | CGGA validation cohort (N=350) | ||||||
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age | 1.028(1.013-1.044) | 1.98e-04 | 1.021(1.003-1.039) | 2.23e-02 | 1.078(1.048-1.108) | 8.35e-05 | 1.061(1.030-1.091) | 1.97e-02 |
| Sex (Female/Male) | 0.916(0.626-1.341) | 0.65 | - | - | 1.063(0.837-1.350) | 0.61 | - | - |
| KPS (<80/>=80/NA) | 0.926(0.696-1.233) | 0.59 | - | - | NA | NA | ||
| Pharmacotherapy (TMZ/ TMZ+BEV/Others (No TMZ)/No or NA) | 0.883(0.852-0.913) | 1.06e-04 | 0.884(0.779-0.989) | 1.31e-02 | 0.573(0.432-0.759) | 1.04e-04 | 0.600(0.441-0.817) | 1.17e-03 |
| Radiotherapy (No/Yes/NA) | 0.433(0.262-0.714) | 1.04e-03 | 0.314(0.183-0.538) | 2.44e-05 | 0.668(0.492-0.908) | 9.96e-03 | 0.782(0.752-0.812) | 1.64e-02 |
| Surgery (Biopsy only/ Tumor resection) | 0.934(0.523-1.667) | 0.82 | - | - | NA | NA | ||
| IDH status (Wildtype/Mutant) | 0.262(0.096-0.715) | 8.91e-03 | 0.494(0.389-0.599) | 4.05e-02 | 0.752(0.566-0.988) | 3.89e-02 | 0.772(0.742-0.802) | 4.76e-02 |
| MGMT promoter status (Methylated/Unmethylated) | 1.434(1.133-1.733) | 6.84e-03 | 1.359(1.254-1.464) | 1.42e-02 | NA | NA | ||
| TERT promoter status
(Wildtype/Mutant) |
0.906(0.287-2.861) | 0.87 | - | - | NA | NA | ||
| BRAF status
(Wildtype/Mutant) |
1.973(0.720-5.410) | 0.19 | - | - | NA | NA | ||
| ATRX status
(Wildtype/Mutant) |
0.426(0.187-0.973) | 4.28e-02 | 0.917(0.235-3.580) | 0.91 | NA | NA | ||
| EGFR status
(Wildtype/Mutant) |
1.273(0.873-1.857) | 0.21 | - | - | NA | NA | ||
| 1p/19q status (Non-codeletion/Codeletion/NA) | NA | NA | 0.913 (0.662-1.259) | 0.58 | - | - | ||
| Hypoxia signature | 1.507(1.252-1.815) | 1.49e-05 | 1.435(1.147-1.795) | 1.55e-03 | 1.092(1.062-1.123) | 7.60e-10 | 1.098(1.067-1.130) | 1.78e-10 |
OS, overall survival; GBM, glioblastoma; NA, not available; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; KPS, Karnofsky performance score; TMZ, temozolomide; BEV, bevacizumab; PCV, procarbazine lomustine vinCRISTine.
“Others (No TMZ)” in pharmacotherapy included PCV, PCV+BEV, and other drugs, including avastin, carmustine, and irinotecan.
All statistical tests were two-sided. Bold type means P<0.05.