Appendix Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by quintile of animal-based LCD scores
| Characteristics | Animal -based LCD score quintiles |
P for trend | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||||||
| Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | Mean or % | SD | ||
|
| |||||||||||
| N | 1269 | 1201 | 1074 | 1018 | 1052 | ||||||
| Median | 4 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 23 | ||||||
| Range | 0–7 | 7–12 | 12–16 | 16–20 | 20–27 | ||||||
| Age, yrs | 64.3 | 10.3 | 63.5 | 10.3 | 62.3 | 10.3 | 61.2 | 10.1 | 60.7 | 9.9 | <0.001 |
| Male | 47.8% | 48.6% | 48.2% | 47.2% | 49.0% | 0.84 | |||||
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| White | 32.5% | 39.1% | 40.4% | 46.3% | 45.3% | ||||||
| Chinese | 16.7% | 14.3% | 11.6% | 9.8% | 5.5% | ||||||
| Black | 27.7% | 22.4% | 25.3% | 24.8% | 28.4% | ||||||
| Hispanics | 22.9% | 24.2% | 22.7% | 19.2% | 20.7% | ||||||
| Below high school | 38.6% | 39.0% | 34.1% | 32.5% | 32.8% | <0.001 | |||||
| Current drinker | 49.6% | 55.2% | 58.3% | 59.5% | 61.3% | <0.001 | |||||
| Current smoker | 6.5% | 10.1% | 12.7% | 16.1% | 17.6% | <0.001 | |||||
| Physical activity, MET-min/week* | 5205 | 3734 | 5304 | 3635 | 5295 | 3816 | 5221 | 3538 | 5056 | 3597 | 0.27 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.1 | 4.8 | 27.8 | 5.1 | 28.3 | 5.3 | 28.6 | 5.5 | 29.3 | 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 128.9 | 22.5 | 127.1 | 21.0 | 127 | 21.5 | 124.9 | 20.8 | 125.3 | 21.0 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 72.3 | 10.4 | 71.8 | 10.2 | 72.2 | 10.2 | 71.7 | 10.3 | 71.6 | 10.4 | 0.14 |
| History of hypertension | 42.6% | 38.4% | 39.1% | 36.8% | 39.4% | 0.06 | |||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 193.0 | 34.7 | 193.6 | 33.9 | 193.9 | 36.6 | 197.0 | 37.3 | 192.7 | 35.0 | 0.37 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 51.6 | 15.4 | 50.7 | 14.5 | 50.5 | 14.0 | 51.4 | 15.6 | 51.0 | 15.1 | 0.69 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 115.6 | 30.3 | 116.5 | 30.5 | 117.1 | 30.9 | 119.2 | 31.4 | 116.1 | 31.2 | 0.22 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL† | 128.9 | 78.6 | 132.9 | 77.4 | 134.0 | 108.0 | 134.4 | 97.9 | 129.7 | 79.8 | 0.70 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 94.2 | 24.4 | 96.2 | 26.8 | 97.6 | 31.2 | 97.7 | 31.0 | 101.1 | 37.5 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes status | 8.4% | 9.6% | 10.9% | 11.7% | 15.6% | <0.001 | |||||
| Calories, Kcal/day | 1445 | 645 | 1613 | 747 | 1727 | 780 | 1827 | 855 | 1831 | 797 | <0.001 |
| Fruit servings/day | 2.82 | 2.12 | 2.16 | 1.52 | 1.93 | 1.41 | 1.61 | 1.19 | 1.27 | 1.07 | <0.001 |
| Vegetables, servings/day | 2.42 | 1.66 | 2.24 | 1.44 | 2.23 | 1.49 | 2.17 | 1.37 | 1.93 | 1.26 | <0.001 |
| Sugared beverages, servings/day | 1.35 | 1.54 | 1.15 | 1.20 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 0.70 | 0.78 | <0.001 |
| Fish, servings/day | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.41 | <0.001 |
| Red meat, servings/day | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.55 | 0.42 | 0.66 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
| Total dairy, servings/day | 1.18 | 0.96 | 1.74 | 1.43 | 2.11 | 1.68 | 2.35 | 1.84 | 2.74 | 2.10 | <0.001 |
| Whole grain, servings/day | 1.02 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.58 | <0.001 |
| Nuts, servings/day | 0.28 | 0.43 | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.29 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.40 | 0.77 |
| Dietary calcium, mcg† | 582 | 317 | 741 | 480 | 830 | 522 | 896 | 571 | 984 | 632 | <0.001 |
| Macronutrient intake, % Kcal | |||||||||||
| Total carbohydrate | 64.2 | 5.3 | 56.8 | 4.9 | 52.7 | 4.3 | 49.1 | 4.2 | 43.0 | 5.7 | <0.001 |
| Total protein | 13.7 | 2.4 | 15.1 | 2.8 | 16.0 | 3.0 | 16.5 | 2.9 | 18.1 | 2.9 | <0.001 |
| Animal protein | 6.7 | 2.0 | 9.0 | 2.3 | 10.3 | 2.6 | 11.3 | 2.6 | 13.5 | 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Vegetable protein | 6.8 | 1.7 | 5.9 | 1.4 | 5.6 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Total fat | 23.8 | 4.6 | 28.0 | 4.6 | 31.0 | 4.7 | 33.8 | 4.6 | 38.1 | 5.1 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat | 6.8 | 1.6 | 8.8 | 1.8 | 10.2 | 2.0 | 11.6 | 2.0 | 13.9 | 2.6 | <0.001 |
| Monounsaturated fat | 9.2 | 2.1 | 10.8 | 2.1 | 12.0 | 2.1 | 13.1 | 2.1 | 14.7 | 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Polyunsaturated fat | 5.6 | 1.7 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 6.2 | 1.8 | 6.2 | 1.6 | 6.3 | 1.6 | <0.001 |
LCD, low-carbohydrate-diet; Q, quintile; SD, standard deviation; MET, metabolic equivalent; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
*
Leisure time physical activity was calculated as the sum of minutes per week of intentional exercise (walking, sports, dance and conditioning) multiplied by the activity’s individual MET value
†
Median (Interquartile)