Figure 15.

(A-C) Schematic of workflow for isolating kidney endothelial cells from normal and tumor patient samples. (D) (i) Isolated cells are used to generate 3D endothelial vessels. (ii) Vessels have tubular structure. Images of vessels before (iii) and after (iv) treatment with anti-angiogenic drugs. (E) Images of tumor-associated vessels treated with sunitinib showing less sprouting at 48 hours. (F) Angiogenesis of tumor-associated vessels to both pazopanib and sunitinib showing heterogeneity in patient responses. Adapted with permission from Jimenez-Torres, 2019⁶⁵.