Table 2.
Lifestyle Factors and Psychosocial Characteristics by Body Size Phenotypes
| Overall | Normal-weight | Overweight | Obese | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 798 (20.6) | 176 (17.4) | 170 (27.8) | 92 (15.3) | 261 (23.8) | 9 (13.8) | 90 (18.7)ns |
| Physical activity level | |||||||
| Moderate/Vigorous (min/day), median [IQR] | 34.7 [22.8-49.8] | 34.3 [22.5-48.8] | 33.8 [22.4-50.3]ns | 38.0 [24.7-51.7] | 36.7 [23.8-50.7]ns | 33.2 [24.0-50.0] | 31.3 [20.5-45.2]ns |
| Alcohol intake | |||||||
| Ethanol gr/day, median [IQR] | 6.4 [1.6-14.5] | 4.7 [1.0-10.6] | 5.0 [0.9-11.1]ns | 7.9 [2.8-15.9] | 7.7 [2.1-16.6]ns | 12.1 [5.1-25.5] | 8.2 [1.9-20.9]ns |
| Resting sleeping patterns | |||||||
| <6h, n (%) | 1030 (26.5) | 211 (20.7) | 127 (20.8)ns | 149 (24.5) | 333 (30.1) | 27 (41.5) | 183 (37.9)ns |
| 6-7h, n (%) | 1498 (38.5) | 367 (36.0) | 234 (38.3)ns | 255 (42.0) | 443 (40.1)ns | 22 (33.9) | 177 (36.6)ns |
| ≥7h, n (%) | 1364 (35.0) | 442 (43.3) | 250 (40.9)ns | 203 (33.5) | 330 (29.8)ns | 16 (24.6) | 123 (25.5)ns |
| Eating Pattern | |||||||
| Mediterranean, n (%) | 1541 (40.3) | 511 (51.3) | 266 (44.5) | 223 (37.4) | 372 (33.9)ns | 26 (40.6) | 143 (30.4)ns |
| Western, n (%) | 1576 (41.2) | 386 (38.8) | 260 (43.5)ns | 245 (41.1) | 485 (44.2)ns | 19 (29.7) | 181 (38.4)ns |
| Social-Business, n (%) | 705 (18.4) | 99 (9.9) | 72 (12.0)ns | 128 (21.5) | 240 (21.9)ns | 19 (29.7) | 147 (31.2)ns |
| Psychosocial characteristics | |||||||
| CES-D score, median [IQR] | 4.0 [2.0-8.0] | 4.0 [2.0-9.0] | 4.0 [2.0-8.0]ns | 4.0 [1.0-8.0] | 4.0 [2.0-8.0]ns | 4.0 [2.0-7.0] | 4.0 [2.0-8.0]ns |
| CES-D score ≥ 16 (being depressed), n (%) | 245 (6.3) | 69 (6.7) | 37 (6.0)ns | 29 (4.8) | 66 (5.9)ns | 5 (7.7) | 39 (8.1)ns |
| PSS, median [IQR] | 17.0 [13.0-22.0] | 18.0 [13.0-22.0] | 17.0 [13.0-22.0]ns | 17.0 [12.0-22.0] | 16.0 [12.0-21.0]ns | 17.0 [12.0-22.0] | 17.0 [13.0-22.0]ns |
| PSS score ≥ 25 (being stressed), n (%) | 559 (14.3) | 134 (13.1) | 77 (12.6)ns | 90 (14.8) | 152 (13.7)ns | 11 (16.9) | 95 (19.6)ns |
The percentage of missing data was 1.0% (n = 3870) for smoking status; 1.2% (n = 3861) for physical activity level; 0.1% (n = 3906) for alcohol intake; 0.4% (n = 3892) for resting sleeping patterns; 2.2% for eating patterns; and 0.03 (n = 3908) for psychosocial characteristics.
Depression and perceived stress at home and at work were evaluated using CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression) and PSS (Perceived Stress Scale) questionnaires.
Abbreviations: CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; IQR, interquartile range; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.
nsnonsignificant for the comparison between healthy and unhealthy within each BMI strata. The rest of comparison were statistically significant.