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. 2020 Jul 29;9(3):380–405. doi: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.3.380

Fig. 1. Overview of ceramide/SM balance regulating cellular responses.

Fig. 1

SM production from ceramide and PC is catalyzed by SMS and is hydrolyzed to ceramide by sphingomyelinase. Both ceramide and SM are membrane components and bioactive lipids that regulate numerous cellular responses by modulating signal transduction.

SM, sphingomyelin; PC, phosphatidylcholine; SMS, sphingomyelin synthase; C16-CoA, palmitoyl-CoA; CerS, ceramide synthase; DAG, diacylglycerol; GBA1, acid β-glucosidase; GSLs, glycosphingolipids; S1P, sphingosine 1-phosphate.