Table 3. Mechanisms whereby perfluoroalkyl substances could alter lipid handling in the liver.

Mechanism	Reference
Increased expression of PPAR-α and pregnane X receptor	31
Increased expression of fatty acid translocase (CD36) and lipoprotein lipase	32
The rate of mitochondrial β-oxidation was reduced	32
Reduction of transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and PPAR-mediated transcription	34
Altered transcription of cytochrome P4A14 for fatty acid oxidation, CD36 for hepatic fatty acid uptake, and apolipoprotein B100 and fibroblast growth factor 21 for hepatic export of lipids	35

PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.